<p>The Joplin Union Depot is a historic railroad station located at Joplin, Jasper County, Missouri. The station was served by a number of railroads, two of which were the Kansas City Southern Railway and the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad. The station was completed in July 1911. On November 4, 1969, the last train, the Southern Belle visited the station, ending 58 years of constant service. After train service ended, the station slowly deteriorated.</p><br>
<p>Designed by the Canadian-born architect Louis Curtiss, the station was featured in the January 1912 edition of Popular Mechanics for its use of mining waste in the concrete.</p><br>
<p>On March 14, 1973, the station was entered into the National Register of Historic Places. It is currently unoccupied. There are currently plans to restore the depot. There have been many ideas for its use, but none have been made certain. This would tie in with the revitalization of downtown.</p><br>
<p>The Ardis Furnace is an abandoned experimental blast furnace located at the northeast corner of Aragon and Antoine Streets  in Iron Mountain, Michigan. The Ardis Furnace was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971 and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The furnace as originally built was a huge metal tube, 120 ft long and 8 ft in diameter, lined with firebrick and installed at a slight incline. The tube was held in place by a series of concrete supports of graduated height. The tube was rotated with an electric motor, and refined iron was collected at the lower end of the tube.</p><br>
<p>However, after the project was abandoned the furnace fell into disrepair, and only the ruins of the concrete supports remain.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1908, Iron Mountain resident John T. Jones built this experimental blast furnace to test the Step Furnace Process he developed to extract iron from low-grade ore. Jones named it the "Ardis Furnace" after his daughter. The furnace was intended to produce a "more nearly pure pig iron from the ore than is obtainable by the usual smelting process as practiced" with less fuel usage,</p><br>
<p>The Ardis Furnace was initially a huge success, and Jones turned down multiple million-dollar offers for his patent. Additional furnaces were built in Marquette, Michigan and Republic, Michigan, with the belief that the on-site refining of ore would save tremendously in shipping costs.</p><br>
<p>However, after some time, problems began to surface. The firebrick lining the iron tube was unable to withstand the heat of the reaction. Jones brought in consulting eingineers, and some improvements were made, but the fundamental heat problem was unsolved. Jones poured more money into the project, but within two years had exhausted his personal fortune, losing everything including his house. The furnace was dismantled and sold for scrap, and the project abandoned. Jones moved on to other mining projects as a consultant, and although the Ardis Furnace was unsuccessful, elements of the technology were incorporated into later operations which successfully extracted iron from low-grade ore.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s, plans were made to demolish the remains of the Ardis Furnace. However, the local Menominee Range Historical Foundation petitioned to save the structure, and the Hanna Mining Company bought it and presented it to the Foundation. The Ardis Furnace was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>John T. Jones</h2><br>
<p>John Tyler Jones was born on September 14, 1847 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Welsh Immigrant Thomas J. Jones and his wife Margaret Williams. At the age of 13, Jones began working with his father, and was soon a skilled mechanic and engine operator. In 1870, he moved to Sharon, Pennsylvania and set up the Keel Ridge Furnace, Through this time, iron was becoming increasingly scarce and the quality of the ore lower. Jones experimented with several techniques, teaching himself chemistry along the way.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, Jones moved to Michigan&#39;s Upper Peninsula and assumed management of mines there for the Kimberly Company. In 1883, he moved to Iron Mountain.</p><br>
<p>In 1870, Jones married Rachel Ann Milligan of Pittsburg; the couple had nine children: Albert Graham, Elmer Williams, Carie Belle, Rachel Ann, Ruth, Arthur John, Harry, Margaret, and Leah Ardis.</p><br>
<p>After losing his fortune in the Ardis Furnace experiment, Jones moved in with his son and worked as a mining consultant. Jones died in 1928 while visiting his sister in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Talaies d&#39;Alcalà , also known as Serra de les Talaies or simply Les Talaies, is a 21.5 km long mountain range in the Baix Maestrat comarca, Valencian Community, Spain. Its highest point is Talaia Grossa .</p><br>
<p>Talaies, the name of the range, means "watchtowers" in Catalan, which is derived from Arabic, and refers to ancient battles fought in the area since Iberian times. Alcalà refers to the town of Alcalà de Xivert located in the plain below the mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Talaies range stretches a few kilometres inland parallel to the Serra dIrta and the Mediterranean coastline in a NE–SW direction south of the Vinaròs plain, its northern limit. It rises on the western side of the road between Barcelona and Valencia. It stretches over the municipal terms of Santa Magdalena de Polpís, Cervera del Maestrat, La Salzadella and Les Coves de Vinromà in the west. Its southern limit is within Alcalà de Xivert municipal term. The Serra de la Vall dÀngel mountains form a natural boundary further inland at the northwestern end of the Talaies.</p><br>
<p>The range is covered with low Mediterranean forest and Maquis shrubland. Parts of the lower slopes are planted with olive, almond and carob trees. Generally the eastern side of the range has more vegetation than the western owing to the influence of the sea breeze.</p><br>
<p>Geologically the Talaies d&#39;Alcalà is a karstic formation with numerous shafts and caves. It is a southern prolongation of the Catalan Pre-Coastal Range that formed 25 million years ago as part of the Alpine orogeny.</p><br>
<p>Geologically the section formed by the Talaies dAlcalà - Santa Magdalena de Polpís/Alcalà de Xivert Valley - Serra dIrta is very similar to the section formed by the Serra del Montsià - Ulldecona/Freginals Valley - Serra de Godall further north. These sets of parallel mountain ranges and valleys form the transition between the Mediterranean System and the Iberian System.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This mountain range was the scenario of violent battles both during the Third Carlist War (1872–76) in the 19th century and again during the Spanish Civil War (1936 - 1939) when rebel faction troops tried to split the Spanish Republican government territory in two and reach the Mediterranean coast cutting across the Talaies.</p><br>
<p>Responsible body: IDAEH</p><br>
<p>La Blanca is a Maya archaeological site in the municipality of Melchor de Mencos in the northern Petén Department of Guatemala. The site is located in the lower reaches of the Mopan River valley and features a large acropolis complex. Activity at the site has been dated as far back as the Early Classic (AD 250–600), with principal occupation of the site occurring in the Late Classic period (AD 600–900), although some level of occupation continued into the Early Postclassic (AD 900–1200).</p><br>
<p>La Blanca occupied a frontier zone between the northeastern and southeastern Petén regions and the site is dominated by the acropolis, an especially well built palace complex. The city appears to have been an administrative centre with comparatively little emphasis upon religious or ceremonial activity. It is likely that La Blanca was a subsidiary of a major Maya city such as Yaxha or Naranjo, given the complete absence of hieroglyphic texts and sculpted monuments, and archaeologists presume that La Blanca served as a frontier post or trading centre.</p><br>
<p>During the Late Classic there was greater public access to the acropolis; as the threat of warfare grew during the Terminal Classic (AD 800-900), access became much more restricted. The end of formal occupation of the city in the Terminal Classic appears to have been violent, with evidence of a battle recovered during excavations of the acropolis. Refugees appear to have occupied the city centre immediately after the collapse of formal settlement at La Blanca, but they abandoned the city for good in the 11th century, after which it was never reoccupied.</p><br>
<p>The acropolis buildings contain inscribed graffiti dating to the last phase of occupation in the Early Postclassic, including human and animal figures, deities, temples and courtly scenes. Colonial graffiti is also evident from the visit to the ruins by captain Pedro Montañés in the middle of the 18th century.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>La Blanca is accessed by a dirt road leading 17 km to the highway linking Flores with Melchor de Mencos; the dirt road joins the highway at La Pólvora.</p><br>
<p>The site occupies a small pocket of forest amongst an extensive region of cleared agricultural land. The agricultural land closest to the ruins is largely dedicated to livestock grazing, particularly cattle and horses. La Blanca is located close to the Mopan River and its tributary, the Salsipuedes River. Some of the land between the ruins and the rivers is subject to frequent flooding, a factor that must have had some impact upon the inhabitants of the city.</p><br>
<p>The forest covering the archaeological site reaches an average height of 22 m. It contains around 60 tree species, among which the most notable are breadnut trees (Brosimum alicastrum) and corozo palms (Orbignya cohune).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest occupation at La Blanca was concentrated in the South Group and dates to the Early Classic Period. Public spaces were covered with white stucco and the first architecture was erected at the site.</p><br>
<p>In the Late Classic there appears to have been greater public access to the acropolis, with stairways communicating between the various terraces leading up to the south range. During the Terminal Classic, these stairways were filled in, as were many of the access doorways to the acropolis itself, with some buildings being sealed completely.</p><br>
<p>Soon afterwards, at the dawn of the Postclassic, immediately after the Classic Maya collapse, the acropolis was reoccupied by refugees from the periphery of the city. These final occupants appear to have abandoned the city some time in the 11th century AD, after which it was never reoccupied.</p><br>
<h3>Modern history</h3><br>
<p>In the 18th century Pedro Montañés passed through the site and left graffiti with his name and the year 1752. Archives have revealed that he was a Spanish captain who visited the site on 14 August of that year. La Blanca was first documented in the early years of the 20th century. In 1905 explorer Teoberto Maler identified visible architecture at the site and marked it as El Castillito on a map of the region. Raymond E. Merwin visited La Blanca in 1913 on behalf of the Peabody Museum of Harvard University. He photographed the site and renamed it as Chac-Ha. At this time the site appears to have been covered in dense vegetation, making exploration of the ruins difficult and resulting in only a brief description of the acropolis.</p><br>
<p>Ian Graham published a plan of the site in 1980, based on explorations in preceding years. Further explorations have taken place on behalf of the Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala and the Yaxha-Nakum-Naranjo Project. The Yaxha-Nakum-Naranjo Project started work at the site in 1994 with preliminary work consisted of mapping and photographing the ruins. In 1995 the ruins were cleared of undergrowth and in 1996 the Unidad de Arquelogía Regional de Guatemala (Guatemalan Regional Archaeology Unit) surveyed the ruins, recorded damage by looters and sank test pits, all under the direction of Vilma Fialko. From 1997 to 1998 looting damage was repaired and architecture deemed at risk of collapse was underpinned. In 1999 further underpinning work was undertaken as a result of earthquake damage and detailed plans were made of the architecture in 2000. The Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala included La Blanca in its survey of three sites in the lower Mopan valley in 2001. More recently, investigations have been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Culture together with the University of Valencia and the Polytechnic University of Valencia. Excavations continued in 2004 both in the city centre and in the South Group, where looting damage was recorded and repaired.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>The site covers an area of about 26 hectare and a great many structures have been identified by archaeologists. The principal architecture has been dated to the Late Classic period. The layout of the city is somewhat unusual in that the north-south axis is oriented 12° west of north whereas most Maya cities have the major axis a similar amount east of north. The political and administrative functions were concentrated in the eastern portion of the city, which is taken to include the South Group, as evidenced by the superior architectural quality in these areas.</p><br>
<p>The Great North Plaza is a large square-plan plaza measuring 70 by. This clay mud conataining attapulgite was likely to have been brought to the city from the nearby swamps. Excavations in the plaza and close to the acropolis revealed the presence of a retaining wall probably related to the construction of the great platform supporting the acropolis itself.</p><br>
<p>A 30 m wide causeway runs south from the Plaza, running to the west of the acropolis and parallel to it. A stairway may have led southwards from this down to the Central West Plaza, which is on the opposite side of the causeway from the Acropolis. The south side of the Central West Plaza is bordered by a 30 m long structure that divides it from the South West Plaza. An area of smaller mounds extends further west and are believed to represent lesser residential districts of the city.</p><br>
<p>The area to the east of the city drops away rapidly and lacks extensive settlement remains, perhaps due to periodic flooding by the Mopan and Salsipuedes rivers discouraging the occupation of the eastern zone.</p><br>
<h3>Acropolis</h3><br>
<p>The most important architectural complex is the acropolis, a palace with an enclosed courtyard located within the Great North Plaza. The acropolis is also known as the Quadrangle due to its layout. A series of terraces lead down from the acropolis to a 1,500 m&sup2; reservoir to the south, which appears to have been a private water source for the palace. The reservoir itself is now dried out. The acropolis was accessed via a wide stairway from the Great North Plaza. The form of the plaza and the acropolis are unusual, although similar complexes have been identified at Tayasal, Ixlú and Kinal.</p><br>
<p>Excavations in the acropolis revealed the presence of at least two superimposed platforms built with finely dressed stone blocks and covered with good quality stucco flooring. At a later date the platforms and courtyard were covered with unworked stones bound with mortar and covered with another stucco floor. The two platforms were built in the Late Classic and appear to have been covered over in the Terminal Classic.</p><br>
<p>The interior courtyard measures approximately 36 m on each side and was completely enclosed by the palace, creating a very private space within. The buildings on the north, west and south sides faced outwards away from the private courtyard, opening onto it only via a central doorway in each structure. Of these three entrances, the northern entrance appears to have been the main entrance to the acropolis complex. The south entrance was a more private entrance that opened from the acropolis onto the terraces leading down to the water source in that direction. The western entrance lead to the terrace 5 m above the causeway, providing a balcony with an excellent view across the city.</p><br>
<p>The cut stone walls of the acropolis are of very high quality, constructed of large, finely cut blocks at times forming walls almost 2 m thick, filled with rubble and mortar. The knife was embedded in the mortar of the infill with the blade pointing outwards, with three embedded decorations near the tip. Archaeologists believe the blade was deposited during rituals associated with the construction of the building.</p><br>
<p>The outer eastern wall of the acropolis is especially well preserved, including a cornice 3.8 m above the floor level of the building, which is 4 to 5 m above the plaza floor. The wall continued above the cornice for another 3 m and this section probably supported a stucco frieze. The entire eastern face of the building measured 32 m long and stood 12 to 13 m above the level of the Great North Plaza. This wall was completely blank, without any doorways or other openings.</p><br>
<p>The range structures on the other sides of the courtyards, all opening outwards away from it, consisted of a series of rooms of varying size. The interior walls were originally painted red and black as demonstrated by surviving traces of pigment. The exterior facades of the range structures were originally decorated with sculpted stone friezes representing supernatural beings, fragments of which have been found amongst the collapsed rubble.</p><br>
<p>The vaulted ceilings of the palace were skillflly constructed, with sides of equal length unlike in other sites in the Petén region where the sides of vaulted ceilings were often of different lengths. The vaulting is of exceptional height, reaching up to 4 m.</p><br>
<h4>South range</h4><br>
<p>The south range measures 42 m long and divides the courtyard from the series of terraces to the south. The rooms of the south range include wide benches running their entire width, they measure 0.75 m high and still preserve their original stucco covering. The bench in Room 1 has a small step leading up to it. Some of the south-facing rooms have twin, symmetrically placed doorways, a style of architecture that is very unusual for a range structure in the Petén region. Examples are known from minor structures at Tikal but the closest corresponding architecture comes from the Puuc region of the northern Yucatán Peninsula, at cities such as Cacabxnuc, Chelemi, Xcorralche and Xkalachetzimin, although they differ in other particulars, such as the vaulting.</p><br>
<p>Excavations immediately south of the south range uncovered part of a substructure consisting of a well-preserved stucco-covered talud wall and a stairway, these are thought to be the remains of a terrace platform. A portion of a second terrace talud wall was also uncovered.</p><br>
<h3>West Group</h3><br>
<p>Investigations of the West Group have revealed an occupation beginning in the Late Classic and reaching its maximum extent in the Terminal Classic.</p><br>
<p>The three main plazas of the West Group appear to have lacked stucco flooring and were instead covered with stone chippings.</p><br>
<h3>South Group</h3><br>
<p>The South Group is the furthest group from the centre to possess monumental architecture. The South Group is the oldest architectural group at La Blanca, with occupation dating as far back as the Early Classic. It has a slightly different orientation to the rest of the site, apparently due to its earlier construction. It consists of number of medium-sized mounds that have been badly damaged by looters. The larger of the mounds are pyramids and there were also a number of other buildings. One of the mounds measures approximately 9 m high and was almost cut in half by a looters&#39; trench. Rescue operations uncovered ceramic remains dating to the Late Classic, including a piece bearing a fragment of hieroglyphic text.</p><br>
<p>Excavations in 2008 revealed that one of these mounds was a temple pyramid with a well-preserved central stairway.</p><br>
<h2>Graffiti</h2><br>
<p>The acropolis is also distinguished by a great quantity of graffiti inscribed onto the stucco interior walls of its rooms, some of which display a considerable level of artistic skill. The graffiti is believed to date to the last phase of occupation of the acropolis, during the Early Postclassic, and includes local fauna and human figures, some of which are playing musical instruments. Animals depicted in the graffiti include a deer, a turtle and a frog. Two human figures are depicted playing flutes, while other subjects include pyramid temples, courtly scenes, vulvas and supernatural beings.</p><br>
<p>Analysis of pigment traces from the south range of the acropolis were carried out by the Polytechnic University of Valencia, they revealed a preference for mineral and vegetable pigments of local origin, perhaps collected from the nearby El Camalote hill.</p><br>
<h2>Artefacts</h2><br>
<p>Many of the artefacts excavated from the acropolis date from the transition from the Terminal Classic Period to the Early Postclassic, when the surrounding population appears to have occupied the abandoned palace. Excavations of the south range of the acropolis uncovered a great many potsherds (roughly 11,000) dating to the Terminal Classic, and about 150 pieces dating to the Early Postclassic. In the same building 150 stone artefacts were excavated together with hundreds of fragments of waste chippings. Fifteen incomplete ceramic figurines were also found, including zoomorphic figures and elite human figures with elaborate headdresses. One of these figurines was a whistle in the shape of an owl, identical to another found in an excavated rubbish heap in the acropolis courtyard. Both of these owl-shaped whistles are very similar to a larger whistle found at Yaxha. A number of artefacts were recovered from the threshold of Room 3 of the south range, including a complete terminal classic ceramic vessel, a flint knife, some broken figurine fragments and some lithic fragments. In the area of the threshold of Room 4 in the south range a complete Early Postclassic tripod plate was recovered. Within Room 4 itself were found a further 70 broken pieces of Terminal Classic ceramics and 232 pieces dated to the Early Postclassic, and a greenstone axe among other finds. Many of the Postclassic fragments were from a tripod pitcher with zoomorph supports that archaeologists were largely able to reconstruct. Additionally, 798 Terminal Classic ceramic fragments were found during the exploration of the terraces immediately south of the acropolis, together with stone chippings and pieces of animal bones.</p><br>
<p>Pits sunk within the courtyard of the acropolis revealed 5425 ceramic fragments, 22 fragments of zoomorphic figurines, together with stone and shell artefacts, animal bones and waste flint chips, all dated to the Terminal Classic.</p><br>
<p>Analysis of artefacts from La Blanca has revealed an unusual and almost total absence of obsidian, while flint of various colours (including red, pink, orange, brown, cream and grey) is particularly common.</p><br>
<h2>Burials</h2><br>
<p>A human burial was found in Room 3 of the south range of the Acropolis. The remains were found lying on their right side facing towards the west, with arms bent. Preliminary investigation suggests that the remains are those of a young adult male with a height of approximately 1.6 m. The left hand side of the skull is deformed, perhaps as a result of either oxycephaly or plagiocephaly.</p><br>
<p>The Ezekiel Phelps House is a historic house at 38 Holcomb Street in East Granby, Connecticut. Built in 1744, it is a fine example of Georgian architecture, associated with a prominent local family. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ezekiel Phelps House is located west of the center of East Granby, on the west side of Holcomb Street south of Ezekiel Way. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gable roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. The front doorframe is in the Federal style, with fluted pilasters supporting an elaborated corniced entablature. The entrance way, and panelled doors were not constructed for this house, but taken from a house in Litchfield. The interior follows a typical period center chimney plan, with parlors on either side of the chimney. The kitchen behind the chimney is larger than typical, as it incorporates one of the building corners that is often set off as a separate small chamber. The interior retains many original features, including wide pine floors and strap hinges on the doors, and Federal period fireplace mantels.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1744 by Joseph Phelps for his son Ezekiel, when the area was still part of Simsbury. Phelps was the great-great grandson of William Phelps, one of the first colonists of Windsor, which was one of the first English settlements in Connecticut. While serving in the militia during the Revolutionary War, one encampment was so close to the British that Phelps is reported to have said, "Shoot Straight: shoot to kill, not maim." Ezekiel served as a lieutenant in the Simsbury militia, and held a number of minor offices in town.</p><br>
<p>Midøya  is an island in Midsund Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The 13.6 km&sup2; island sits at the entrance to the Romsdalsfjorden between the islands of Dryna and Otrøya. Until 1965, the island was divided between the municipalities of Sør-Aukra and Vatne. The Midsund Bridge connects this island to the village of Midsund on the neighboring island of Otrøya.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Old Norse form of the name was Miðja. The name is identical with the word miðja which means "in the middle". The island lies between the two other islands of Dryna and Otrøya - but it could also refer to the fact that the island was an important border mark between Sunnmøre/Gulating and Romsdal/Frostating. (Mentioned as that in Historia Norvegiae - and it continued to be so until 1965).</p><br>
<p>Dryna is an island in Midsund Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is the westernmost of the main islands in the municipality. The 1.7 km&sup2; island sits between the Harøyfjorden and the Midfjorden, at the entrance to the great Romsdalsfjorden. Until 1965, Dryna was part of Haram Municipality.</p><br>
<p>Dryna has a road connection to the neighboring island of Midøya to the east. There are ferry connections from the western end of the island to Brattvåg (in Haram Municipality) and Myklebost (in Sandøy Municipality).</p><br>
<h2>The name</h2><br>
<p>The Old Norse form of the name was Dryn. The name is probably derived from the word drynr which means "rumble" or "roar" (referring to the swell of the waves against the island).</p><br>
<p>Julsundet is a 15 km long strait connecting the Norwegian Sea to the Romsdalsfjorden. The strait is located about 10 km west of the town of Molde in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The strait runs through the municipalities of Fræna, Aukra, Molde, and Midsund. The strait flows north-south from the village of Bud  to Julneset . It flows between the Romsdal peninsula  and the islands of Otrøya and Gossa . The Frænfjorden empties into the Julsundet strait at the small island of Vågøy.</p><br>
<p>The strait is up to 500 m deep and it is 2 to 3 km wide. It has a significant tidal current and is exposed to strong northerly winds. Julsundet was heavily fortified by the Germans during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The mainland part of Aukra Municipality is also often referred to as Julsundet.</p><br>
<p>Taptapani is famous for its hot sulfur water spring.nearest town Mohana, which about 16 km away in Gajapati district.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name “Taptapani” also suggests that. “Tapta” means hot and “pani” means water.</p><br>
<h2>Hot spring</h2><br>
<p>The hot water from the natural spring of Taptapani are attributed with medicinal properties and can be bathed in at the pond created next to the hot spring. The hot spring is situated at the eastern slope of the eastern ghat at a crest of the hill with in the lush green forest having wide range of flora and fauna.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist attraction</h2><br>
<p>The other attractions of Taptapani are its tribal communities and the picturesque landscape. There is also a deer park maintained by the forest department.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Taptapani is 56 kilometres away from Berhampur (or Brahmapur as the locals call it), the nearest rail station.</p><br>
<h2>Accommodation</h2><br>
<p>The sprawling Panthanivas is the only shelter for tourists at Taptapani. The two AC suites have a common balcony and each has a huge bedroom, a dressing room and a bathroom containing a small swimming pool fed by the warm water from the hot springs.</p><br>
<p>The cottages overlook a pristine valley replete with various shades of green. Anyone can leisurely spend hours sitting here. The Dining Hall is strategically placed in between two crests of mountain fold. A few minutes walk from here will take to Kandimata Mandir where the locals take a bath in the spring before offering their daily prayers. There is also a deer park maintained by the local forest department.</p><br>
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<p>The British Engineerium  is an engineering and steam power museum in Hove, East Sussex. It is housed in the Goldstone Pumping Station, a set of High Victorian Gothic buildings started in 1866. The Goldstone Pumping Station supplied water to the local area for more than a century before it was converted to its present use.</p><br>
<p>At its greatest extent, between 1884 and 1952, the complex consisted of two boiler houses with condensing engines, a chimney, coal cellars, workshop, cooling pond, leat and underground reservoir. Situated on top of a naturally fissured chalk hollow, it provided vast quantities of water to the rapidly growing towns of Hove and its larger neighbour, the fashionable seaside resort of Brighton, for more than a century. As new sources of water were found elsewhere and more modern equipment installed to exploit them, the pumping stations importance declined, and by 1971 the Brighton Water Department had closed it and threatened the complex with demolition. An industrial archaeologist offered to restore the buildings and machinery in return for a lease from the Brighton Water Corporation, and a charitable trust was formed to enable this. Expertise developed by the Engineeriums employees and volunteers was exploited across the world: they founded museums, undertook restoration projects and trained young people in engineering heritage conservation. Another enthusiast subsequently bought the complex, and as of it is closed to the public while more restoration and extension work takes place.</p><br>
<p>The High Victorian Gothic buildings are a landmark in Hove, and are a good example of the 19th-century ethos that "utility definitely does not equal dullness" in industrial buildings. Polychrome brickwork, moulded dressings and facings, decorative gables and elaborate windows characterise all the structures – even the 95 ft chimney, which stands apart from the main buildings like a campanile. English Heritage has listed the complex for its architectural and historical importance, giving its structures five separate listings: the former boiler house and the chimney are both listed at Grade II* – the second-highest designation – and the former coal shed, the cooling pond and leat and the tall flint and brick wall surrounding the site each have the lower Grade II status.</p><br>
<p>As well as the restored pumping station equipment, the complex has a wide range of exhibits: more than 1,500 were in place less than a year after it opened. These include a 19th-century horse-drawn fire engine, traction engines, veteran motorcycles, Victorian household equipment and old tools. A French-built horizontal steam engine dating from 1859 is the principal exhibit. The Engineerium has always used its exhibits to educate and promote the study of industrial history: it has been called "the world&#39;s only centre for the teaching of engineering conservation", and was central to the activities of the English Industrial Heritage Year in 1993. For many years, the larger and indigenous exhibits were fully operational and in steam at weekends.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brighton and neighbouring Hove, on the English Channel coast between the South Downs and the sea, were built on top of a vast aquifer of chalk. A regular supply of naturally pure water was always available from this natural reservoir, and in the settlements early days many wells were sunk to exploit it. The rapid growth of Brighton in the 18th and early 19th century, followed by similar expansion in Hove, put pressure on the local authorities to provide more sources and a better supply system, though: wells became increasingly contaminated by sewage from cesspits, and some had to be blocked because they were so polluted, reducing the two towns water supply further. it built a waterworks on the road to Lewes and provided piped water for two hours per day to a few wealthy customers. This facility had two 20-horsepower beam engines.</p><br>
<p>By the 1850s, more water was needed for the continually expanding population: the intermittent supply from the Lewes Road waterworks was the only alternative to wells and boreholes. In 1853, a new company was formed with the aim of introducing a large-scale, consistent supply to Brighton, Hove and surrounding villages. The Brighton, Hove and Preston Constant Water Service Company bought its predecessor, the Waterworks Company, in 1854. By the time it was in turn acquired by Brighton Corporation in 1872 (by means of another Act of Parliament), it was pumping 2,600,000 impgal per day to 18,000 houses in Brighton, Hove and the surrounding villages of Falmer, Hangleton, Ovingdean, Patcham, Preston and Rottingdean.</p><br>
<p>The company employed eminent civil engineer Thomas Hawksley to find a suitable site for a new pumping station. Hawksley built more waterworks than any of his Victorian counterparts: he oversaw more than 150 schemes in Britain and abroad. and in 1865 it was granted permission to build a pumping station on the site. By this stage, the Lewes Road facility was suffering from pollution, and the opening of another pumping station at Falmer and the building of more reservoirs had not been sufficient to satisfy demand.</p><br>
<p>Work took place during 1866, and the facility opened in that year with the name Goldstone Pumping Station. The Brighton, Hove and Preston Constant Water Service Company operated it until their acquisition by Brighton Corporation. The engine room housed a 120-horsepower beam engine made by Charles Amos of London-based manufacturer Easton and Amos. It was a compound engine of the type patented by engineer Arthur Woolf. It was driven by three Lancashire boilers with twin furnaces, which were fed by two coal cellars. Up to 130,000 impgal of water could be pumped per hour.</p><br>
<p>In 1872, ownership of Goldstone Pumping Station and all other water facilities in the Brighton area passed to Brighton Corporation, who formed a new committee called the Brighton Water Corporation to operate them. Workshop facilities were also provided, with a range of machine tools, forge, lathe and planer and a separate Easton and Amos steam engine (apparently left over from The Great Exhibition). A network of arched tunnels were built to link the new coal shed, the workshop and the firing platform of the boiler room. The subterranean passages were used by coal trucks.</p><br>
<p>The next extension took place in 1884. A cooling pond and a leat (an artificial waterway) were built on land behind the pumping station, and a new 1,500,000 impgal underground reservoir was built by J.T. Chappell. It ran for 1/2 mi westwards from the complex. Brighton Water Corporation spent £11,000 on this work and on the building of two other reservoirs in Brighton, at Dyke Road and Race Hill. All three were built of tile, brick and Portland cement. They were constantly replenished by a 1,000 impgal-per-minute inflow from numerous natural fissures in the chalk.</p><br>
<p>Because the surrounding area became substantially urbanised in the interwar period, the water was treated with ozone from 1937 to disinfect it. The pumping station soon went into decline, though. Electric pumps became available in the 1940s, and one was installed in the Number 1 Engine room; the engine itself was decommissioned at that time. The four new Lancashire boilers were in full-time use for only 18 years: Number 2 Engine was taken out of service in 1952, although it was maintained for a further two years in case it was required. Several pumping stations had been newly built or rebuilt since World War II—at Aldrington, Falmer, Mile Oak, Newmarket Down (near Lewes), Patcham and Sompting—and the old Lewes Road source, closed in 1903 because of pollution, came back into use. The Corporation increased its supplies further by acquiring waterworks in Peacehaven and Lewes in the 1950s. The Goldstone Pumping Station was considered outdated and no longer required, and in 1971 the Corporation announced plans to build a small electric pumphouse on the site, demolish the 19th-century buildings and scrap the steam-era equipment.</p><br>
<p>Jonathan Minns, a London-based steam and engineering expert, immediately set about trying to save the buildings and their contents. He applied to the Historic Buildings Council for England (the forerunner of the present English Heritage body) for listed status to be granted to the buildings in the complex. This was granted on 17 June 1971, and in the following year the Department of the Environment issued a preservation order preventing demolition or significant alteration of the buildings. Minns acquired the lease of the complex in 1974, and planned to restore it from its derelict state and establish an industrial museum and educational centre. He also set up a trust to run it. By this time, the complex had a new owner: the Water Act 1973 restructured the water industry in England and Wales, transferring ownership of water infrastructure from local authorities to ten government-controlled regional companies. Brighton Water Corporation became part of the Southern Water Authority. It was this entity which granted the lease to Minns.</p><br>
<p>Minns had only £350 when he started work on the Engineerium, but more money soon arrived in the form of grants and donations. The Southern Water Authority gave the Trust £22,000, the Department of the Environment granted £40,000, and the Trust received the largest historic buildings grant awarded in Sussex up to that point in 1975. In October of that year, Minns and eight volunteers began to restore the complex and its machinery, which were in a state of disrepair. The boiler house and Number 2 Engine were the priority, but before they could be started the workshop had to be repaired so that its equipment could be used to carry out the necessary work elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>The boiler house and Number 2 Engine were in a particularly bad condition: the roof was wrecked, the metal fixtures were corroded, moss was growing on exposed surfaces and the boilers were not operational. Every moving part was cleaned by hand, and the exterior was repainted in its correct colour after the original paintwork was discovered under layers of mould and rust. The eight men worked for about six months on these tasks; Number 2 Engine was successfully fired up again on 14 March 1976 after the two renovated Lancashire boilers were tested and inspected by safety officials (the other two were left in their unrestored state).</p><br>
<p>The complex was first opened to the public on Good Friday 1976.</p><br>
<p>Ongoing funding problems This was accepted, and on 10 May 2006 the Engineerium Trust assets passed into Mike Holland&#39;s ownership.</p><br>
<p>The Engineerium stayed shut while its new owner invested in improvements and extensions. In February 2010, he stated that he expected the Engineerium to reopen within a year. it was opened for a day to raise money for charity; the Number 2 Engine was demonstrated and many steam engines and other exhibits from the museum&#39;s own collection and from outside were on display. In August 2011, Brighton and Hove City Council approved a planning application for some renovation and remodelling work, including an extension. Structural engineers found that part of the building was in poor condition, and in January 2012 a further application was submitted to seek permission to demolish and rebuild part of the machine room. General restoration work began in October 2012, supported by a second open day.</p><br>
<p>Jonathan Minns died on 13 October 2013, aged 75.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Engineerium has been described by Brighton historian Clifford Musgrave as an "unusually fine asset" for Brighton and Hove and by fellow historian Ken Fines "a splendid example of Victorian industrial engineering". and the 95 ft chimney to the south is also finely detailed and is a landmark in Hove. Both the buildings and the machinery inside demonstrate the widespread belief among Victorian designers and architects that every object and building, no matter how commonplace or humble, should be elaborately and expansively embellished.</p><br>
<p>On the main buildings, the walls consist of bands of red, yellow and purplish-blue brick with moulded layers and coping. The ground floor has red brickwork with a rusticated appearance. The cast-iron windows are set in round-arched openings below a string course which runs around the whole building and consists of alternate patterns of red and black brick. The slate roof has flat-topped gables set above pediments at the top of each engine room. The two engine rooms are two-storey and have a three-bay, three-window range; they flank the single-storey boiler room which also has three bays. The left- and right-hand bays are recessed; all have windows that are similar to those of the engine rooms.</p><br>
<p>The chimney stands about 7 ft south of the engine rooms and boiler house. The rectangular, campanile-style structure stands on a rusticated base with a tapering plinth below it. Above this is a moulded cornice. The chimney itself tapers slightly and has tall arched panels on each face, forming slight recesses. An entablature runs all the way round, linking these. The brickwork is of the same colours and detailing as the other buildings.</p><br>
<p>The former coal shed (now the exhibition hall) and its attached workshops are of red and brown brick with coping on the walls and a shallow slate roof. The workshops, which do not contribute to the architectural interest of the building, are a perpendicular adjunct to the rear of the coal shed, so the building has an overall L-shape. Sloping land gives the building a single storey at the front (north) end and a second lower storey towards the rear. The three-bay north façade has three arched entrances; the smaller flanking pair have replacement doors.</p><br>
<p>Standing in the grounds behind the complex, the cooling pond measures 1,100 ft&sup2; and has a leat around three sides; it opens out on the southwest side. It is surrounded by small walls of red brick and terracotta. Pipework connects the leat to the boiler house, from which hot water flows; heat exchange takes place in the cooling pond; and cold water is returned to be used in the boilers.</p><br>
<p>Tall flint and brick walls, dating from 1866, surround the complex on all sides. Small flints laid in courses form the main building material on three sides. Other parts have red brickwork with inset flints, and the main entrance has red-brick piers with knapped flintwork. There are also iron railings and gates with the fleur-de-lis emblem. The walls have recesses on the inside and outside at irregular intervals; one on the outside of the south wall contains a drinking fountain with a panel imploring users to. Flints are prevalent in this downland area; so many were found when the pumping station was built that the contractors fashioned them into a deliberately ancient-looking folly on the southwest corner of the engine rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits</h2><br>
<p>The Engineerium has hundreds of exhibits relating to the history of engineering and steam power. Many are on display in the exhibition hall, which occupies the former coal storage shed. The central feature of the hall is a Corliss steam engine built in France in 1859. The Engineeriums example was assembled in 1859 by the Lille-based company Crepelle & Grand. It was shown at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1889, where it won first prize. It was then used for more than 50 years at LHôpital Émile-Roux in Limeil-Brévannes. It was bought by Jonathan Minns, taken apart, brought to the Engineerium and reassembled in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Engineerium also has a horse-drawn fire engine dating from 1890. Originally owned by the local authority in Barnstaple, Devon, the Shand Mason & Company vehicle was bought and restored by the museum&#39;s employees. It is a vertical steam engine with two cylinders and a pair of pistons flanking a central crank. A steam traction engine built in 1886 by Marshall, Sons & Company has also been restored. A range of veteran motorcycles are on display; the oldest is an Ariel Motorcycles vehicle built in 1915.</p><br>
<p>Elsewhere in the complex, smaller steam engines are on display, alongside Victorian tools and domestic equipment such as stoves. Much of the equipment in the workshop is also original, such as the main forge and a heavy-duty metal lathe. The single-cylinder Easton and Amos steam engine used to power the belts which drive the machine tools in the workshop was already several years old when the Goldstone Pumping Station acquired it in 1875.</p><br>
<p>From the beginning, the overriding purpose of the collection of exhibits was to portray and explain the history and development of civil and mechanical engineering and British industry, through both the restoration of the pumping stations original equipment and the acquisition of other pieces associated with industrial pioneers such as James Watt, Michael Faraday and George Stephenson. An example is a model of Stephensons Locomotion No 1 engine, which was valued at £75,000 by Bonhams when the Engineerium was up for auction in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage status</h2><br>
<p>When Jonathan Minns, who later bought the complex, found in 1971 that it was threatened with demolition, he successfully sought to get it listed by the Historic Buildings Council for England (the predecessor of English Heritage). The organisation granted listed status in five separate parts on 7 June 1971, covering the pumping station&#39;s five main structures. The boiler rooms and engine house were jointly listed at Grade II*, as was its free-standing chimney. Three more structures were listed at Grade II: the cooling pond and leat, the coal storage shed and the flint and brick walls surrounding the complex. Grade II* is the second highest of the three designations awarded to listed buildings; such buildings are defined as being "particularly important... of more than special interest". As of February 2001, the boiler house and chimney represented two of the 70 Grade II*-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove. Grade II is the lowest status, given to "nationally important buildings of special interest". In February 2001, there were 1,124 such buildings in the city.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, an 8.89 acre zone incorporating the whole Engineerium complex became a conservation area—one of 34 such areas in the city of Brighton and Hove.</p><br>
<p>Tarabalo is famous for a cluster of hot springs dotted over an area of 8 acres. Tarabalo is located in Nayagarh district of Odisha. Sulphur water of the springs having certain medicinal properties is believed to be useful for a long time treatment of skin diseases and also related to religious rituals.</p><br>
<p>Besides the clusters of hot sulfur springs, Tarabalo is well known for the scenic beauty of the region. The panoramic views and the greenery of the nature around makes Tarabalo an interesting picnic spot. A fair is organized every year on Maghasthami at goddess Keltheshwari Temple when 7000-8000 pilgrim visit this place. At present, Tarabalo is a small settlement surrounded by vast agricultural tracts.</p><br>
<p>It is located at a distance of 75 Kilometers from the capital city of Bhubaneshwar.</p><br>
<p>Atri a small village in the Khurda district of Odisha.</p><br>
<p>Atri is around 15 km west of Khurda. The nearest airport is at Bhubaneswar. Nearest railhead is Khurda Road Junction Railway Station. Atri is famous for its perennial hot spring. The hot spring is reputed to have medical properties which is used both intensively and extensively for the cure of skin diseases. The water of the hot spring (57 °C) contains small doses of sulphur flavour when heated to 100 °C.</p><br>
<p>There is a Bathing Complex of Govt. of Odisha at Atri. Not far from the Hot spring there is a shrine of Lord Hattakeswar Mahadev. The temple is the venue of a grand annual fair, Makar Jatra, on the day of Makar Sankranti (mid January). On this day the visitors congregate in large numbers to worship Lord Hatakeswar to fulfill their desires and they also bath in the ponds to get cured of their diseases.</p><br>
<p>Viets&#39; Tavern is an 18th-century tavern on Newgate Road, directly across the street from the Old Newgate Prison State Historical Site in East Granby, Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>The date of the construction of this building is not known, but there are multiple references to this tavern in historical records. In 1712, Dr. John Viets was granted a license by the town of Turkey Hills (now East Granby) to "keep a house of public entertainment." His son Jon, and his grandson Luke both had tavernkeepers licenses. The Connecticut Historical Society has a photograph of a sign at the location with the date 1790, although the sign was destroyed in a 1904 fire.</p><br>
<p>The tavern was popular, not only with prison officials and visitors, but also some of the convicts. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Scott County Jail is the main detention facility for Scott County, Iowa, United States. Inmates are housed for no more than one year, by Iowa law. It is located in the county seat, Davenport, and is part of same facility as the Scott County Courthouse.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The oldest section of the jail was completed in 1897. It was designed by prominent Davenport architect Frederick G. Clausen in the Italianate style. The style, which was popular in the late Victorian Era can be found in the limestones rusticated finish on the lower stories and then rising to a smooth finish at the attic level. Other elements include the smaller scale, round-arched windows across the third-floor, the wide eaves and the tower on the buildings north side. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>An annex was added to the jail in 1983 to alleviate crowding. It was built between the jail and the courthouse, and connected the two buildings. The jail became too small again, and in 1999 the inmate capacity was capped at 214. In 2004 a bond referendum was passed by county voters to expand the size of the jail. The $29.7 million expansion was opened in 2007. A new entrance pavilion that provides security screening to the entire complex was added at the same time. An annex that was opened on the north side of Davenport to house inmates was closed when the main jail was enlarged.</p><br>
<p>The 2007 addition is a four-story structure, and faces south on West Fourth Street in Downtown Davenport. The 75,000 ft&sup2; jail has a capacity of 354 inmates.</p><br>
<p>The Bugge Islands are a small group of ice-covered islands lying close off the front of Wordie Ice Shelf and between 4 and northwest of Mount Guernsey, off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. They were first seen from the air and photographed by the British Graham Land Expedition in 1936, and later roughly mapped from the photographs. They were observed in 1947 from the Port of Beaumont, Texas by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition  under Finn Ronne, who named these islands for his niece, Ruth Bugge, who supplied woolen clothing from Norway for the RARE. The group was also visited by the Chilean Antarctic Expedition, 1947, which named the islands Isla Aldea, Isla Eleuterio Ramírez, Isla Latorre, after heroes of the naval battle of Iquique.</p><br>
<p>From North to South the islands of the group are:</p><br>
<p>Ramírez Island 69&deg;9&prime;S latitude, 68&deg;27&prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Aldea Island 69&deg;13&prime;S latitude, 68&deg;30&prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Landrum Island 69&deg;14&prime;S latitude, 68&deg;20&prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>General Cigar Company is one of the largest manufacturers of cigars in the world. It is a subsidiary of Scandinavian Tobacco Group. The General Cigar Company building at Evansville, Indiana was built in 1902, and expanded in 1929. It is a three-story, "L"-shaped red brick building with Arts and Crafts style design elements. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Company history</h2><br>
<p>In 1961 General Cigar, which was profitably selling about $30 million worth of cigars annually, was purchased for approximately $25 million by a group of investors headed by Edgar M. Cullman, a fourth generation American in the tobacco industry.</p><br>
<p>Later in the 1960s, Culbro and General Cigar acquired Gradiaz Annis, maker of Gold Label cigars and the Temple Hall factory that owned the Macanudo brand name, ushering in a turn towards hand-rolled premium cigars. Macanudo, a small label made in limited quantities for the market in the United Kingdom, was seen as the principal vehicle for growth in the premium cigar category. A careful effort was made to reblend the product for the large American marketplace (then and now subject to a ban on Cuban tobacco, the industry&#39;s gold standard) using select binder and filler from the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Mexico and Connecticut shade-grown wrapper. Mass advertising was conducted in support of the brand, which by the early 1990s had grown into the best selling premium cigar label in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 General registered a USA trademark on the brand name "Cohiba", thereby obtaining the right to use the name of that premium Cuban cigar in the American market without any connection to or content provided by its Cuban maker. Protracted legal wrangling followed, resolved when the U. S. Supreme Court the petition of the Cuban tobacco marketing agency, Cubatabaco, in 2006. General&#39;s Cohiba cigars bear a disclaimer that they are not affiliated in any way while the Cuban-brand individual cigars do not.</p><br>
<p>From 1978 General Cigar has also produced the Cuban tobacco free Partagas and Bolivar cigar brands for the American market in competition with Cuban brands of the same name. Initial production of Partagas was conducted in Jamaica, but the following year production moved to a modern 70,000 ft&sup2; factory in Santiago, Dominican Republic.</p><br>
<p>A similar trade dress to the Cuban product has been used by General Cigar for its competing version of the Partagás brand, employing a red-and-gold band scheme, save with the word "Habana" replaced by the date "1845" on the packaging.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, General Cigar acquired Villazon, a company marketing non-Cuban versions of the leading Cuban cigar brands Punch and Hoyo de Monterrey.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, Swedish Match acquired General Cigar. In 2010, Swedish Match merged its premium cigars into Scandinavian Tobacco Group.</p><br>
<h2>General Cigar's brands</h2><br>
<p>Ramone Allones (non-Cuban production in competition with the Cuban brand)</p><br>
<p>Bolivar (non-Cuban production in competition with the Cuban brand)</p><br>
<p>Robert Burns</p><br>
<p>Bances</p><br>
<p>Cifuentes (non-Cuban production in competition with the Cuban brand)</p><br>
<p>Cohiba (non-Cuban production in competition with the Cuban brand)</p><br>
<p>Excalibur</p><br>
<p>Foundry</p><br>
<p>Helix</p><br>
<p>Garcia y Vega</p><br>
<p>Gold Label</p><br>
<p>La Gloria Cubana (non-Cuban production in competition with the Cuban brand)</p><br>
<p>Hoyo de Monterrey (non-Cuban production in competition with the Cuban brand)</p><br>
<p>Macanudo</p><br>
<p>Partagas (non-Cuban production in competition with the Cuban brand)</p><br>
<p>William Penn</p><br>
<p>Punch (non-Cuban production in competition with the Cuban brand)</p><br>
<p>El Rico Habano</p><br>
<p>Sancho Panza (non-Cuban production in competition with the Cuban brand)</p><br>
<p>Temple Hall</p><br>
<p>Van Dyck</p><br>
<p>White Owl</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The USA Post Office and Customhouse in Gulfport, Mississippi is a historic post office and customhouse that was completed in 1910 under supervision of the USA Treasury Department, with James Knox Taylor as Supervising Architect. One of the oldest public or commercial structures in the city, it also has been known as Downtown Station and as Old Main Post Office. In 1963 a one-story extension to the rear was added.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Its NRHP nomination asserted "It is a beautifully proportioned building with elegant and tasteful embellishments and is significant as one of the finest examples of</p><br>
<p>Second Renaissance Revival architecture in Mississippi."</p><br>
<p>Lower Swedish Cabin is an historic Swedish-style log cabin on Creek Road in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania along Darby Creek. The cabin may be one of the oldest log cabins in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was likely built sometime between 1640 and 1650 by Swedish immigrants who were part of the New Sweden colony. Although claims have been made that in the early 1900s, film pioneer Siegmund Lubin filmed several movies at the site, recent scholarship does not support this assertion. The house served as a private residence until 1937, when it was recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey and the Cabin became the property of the township of Upper Darby. After neglect and vandalism throughout the mid-1900s the house was restored in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Kintersburg Covered Bridge is a covered bridge spanning Crooked Creek in Rayne Township, Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States. Built in 1877, it is one of four covered bridges in the county, and is the only one with a Howe truss design. It is 62 ft. The Howe design is rather rare in covered bridges. The Kintersburg Bridge is one of only five in the state of Pennsylvania with that design. The other four are the McConnells Mill Covered Bridge in Lawrence County, Means Ford Covered Bridge in Bucks County, St. Mary&#39;s Covered Bridge in Huntingdon County, and the Thomas Mill Covered Bridge in Philadelphia County.</p><br>
<p>Because of its Howe design, the bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Smrk  is the highest mountain in the Czech part of the Jizera Mountains. Rising 1,124 m, it is sometimes known as "The King of the Jizera mountains"</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain lies south of Nové Město pod Smrkem in the Liberec Region of northern Bohemia. On the eastern rim of the plateau is the boundary with Poland; the Polish summit west of Świeradów-Zdrój reaches a height of 1,123 m.</p><br>
<p>The summit offers a panoramic view to the prominent Sněžka peak of the Krkonoše range in the east, as well as to the Lusatian Highlands beyond the German border in the west up to the cooling towers of Boxberg Power Station.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The "Tabulový kámen" (Tafelstein) stone monument on the northern slope marks the site, which since the Middle Ages formed the historic tripoint between</p><br>
<p>the Upper Lusatian lordship of Meffersdorf (Polish: Unięcice, in present-day Pobiedna)</p><br>
<p>the Lower Silesian duchy of Jawor, where the lands around Szklarska Poręba (Schreiberhau) were held by the House of Schaffgotsch, and</p><br>
<p>the Bohemian territory around Frýdlant (Friedland).</p><br>
<p>The mountain got its name from a once mighty spruce (smrk, German: Fichte) tree near the border, where the Imperial generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein, after his elevation to a Duke of Friedland, nailed his coat of arms in 1628. The tree was uprooted, in 1790, by a storm.</p><br>
<p>Bohemia, Silesia and Lusatia had all been Lands of the Bohemian Crown since the 14th century, and part of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy from 1526. After Upper Lusatia passed to the Electorate of Saxony during the Thirty Years&#39; War by the 1635 Peace of Prague, and the Prussian king Frederick the Great conquered Silesia in 1742, the mountain was also the tripoint between the Saxon, Prussian and Austrian lands. According to the 1815 Congress of Vienna, Prussia also annexed the Upper Lusatian lands in the northwest, which were incorporated into the Province of Silesia.</p><br>
<p>On 21 August 1892, a wooden observation tower, which was 20 m high, was built atop Tafelfichte. The mountain hut used to house the construction workers was converted, after the tower&#39;s construction, to a cottage (Baude, bouda). Until 1935, up to 18,000 people per year visited the mountain summit.</p><br>
<p>In 1909, a memorial stone honoring the German poet Theodor Körner was erected at the summit to commemorate his stay a hundred years before.</p><br>
<p>After World War II the local German population was expelled and the cottage was deserted and looted. The abandoned premises fell into disrepair and the tower collapsed in the 1950s. Over the following decades forest dieback, from parasites or acid rain, has cleared the peak of the mountain to the point where it is largely bare.</p><br>
<p>After the 1989 Velvet Revolution, plans were made to build a new tower. In 2002, construction began and on September 18, 2003 a second 20 m tower, this time made with steel, was inaugurated. In June 2009, a replica of the 19th-century wooden tower was erected at the Prague Zoo.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>A good starting point is the Czech town of Lázně Libverda from where a red-marked trail leads to the Smrk summit.</p><br>
<p>A likewise steep route from the Polish side starts at Świeradów-Zdrój via the Stóg Izerski (Heufuder) subpeak to the summit.</p><br>
<p>Another convenient route is from the Czech Smědava (Wittighaus) inn for 7 km along red markers. Only the last section, called "Jacob&#39;s Ladder" (Himmelsleiter) is steeply uphill.</p><br>
<p>Plavnik is an unpopulated islet, belonging to Croatia located between the Central Straits and the Kvarner Bay. The Krusija Channel cuts it off from the eastern coast of the island of Cres. This channel is the shortest route from the Adriatic Sea through the islands to Rijeka. A lighthouse established in 1890, sits at the northwestern point of the islet, marking the east side of the narrowest opening of the Krusija Channel.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>While covering an area of 8.64 km,</p><br>
<p>the islet has a length of 6.3 km and a width of up to 2.3 km. Its highest elevation is 194 m. Most of the islet does not have vegetation. On the northern and north-eastern sides, the coastline is partially steep. Two islets that make up Kornati, lie to the southeast of Plavnik. In the middle of the straits between these islands and Plavnik, the sea depth is about 9 m.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Plavnik is home to birds such as the wheateaters, pheasant, and white-headed vulture. Hares are common as well., the islet is in the process of being declared a zoological and botanical reserve.</p><br>
<p>The Chittenden County Superior Courthouse, formerly the USA Post Office and Custom House, is a historic government building at 175 Main Street in downtown Burlington, Vermont. It was built in 1906 and was designed by James Knox Taylor in the Beaux-Arts style. Known in the 1970s as the Smith-Goldberg USA Army Reserve Center, it served historically as a custom house and post office. It currently houses the Chittenden County Superior Court, after the previous county courthouse burned down in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Chittenden County Superior Courthouse stands in downtown Burlington, at the southeast corner of Church and Main Streets. It is a large three-story masonry structure, its exterior finished in marble and dressed granite. The principal facade faces Main Street, and is five bays wide. The ground floor appears as a basement level, with large blocks of marble in horizontal bands and stylized arching over the window openings. The second and third floors, which are in a U shape opening to the south, have windows (tall on the second floor, short on the third) articulated by paired Ionic columns. The building is crowned by an entablature, dentillated cornice, and low balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The federal government built this facility in 1906, which is one of the state&#39;s finest examples of Beaux-Arts architecture. Until 1972 it served as a post office, custom house and federal courthouse. From 1963 until 1972 as the Smith-Goldberg Army Reserve Center) and remained in the Federal inventory. In 1972 The Treasury Department declared the building surplus, and it was acquired by in 1974 by Chittenden County. It presently houses the Chittenden County Superior Court and other judicial functions.</p><br>
<p>The Antelope Valley of southwest Millard County, Utah is a small 25 mi long valley, adjacent the Ferguson Desert and 40 mi southwest of Sevier Lake. The valley is just east of the Nevada border, with Snake Valley and the Burbank Hills. The other Antelope Valley of Utah occurs 165 mi east in the Great Basin, in southeast Emery County and extending into adjacent Wayne County.</p><br>
<p>The Desert Biosphere Reserve forms the entire southeast, central & south valley border, where the small, low elevation arid Tunnel Springs Mountains are located.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Antelope Valley is southwest-northeast trending with a drainage northeast into the Ferguson Desert area. The valley also drains from the northeast flank of the Mountain Home Range adjacent the Nevada border to the southwest. The valley is narrow, only about 7 mi, at its widest.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Utah State Route 21 transects the upper region of the valley at the alluvial fans of the Mountain Home Range. Route 21 crossing the valley is a NNW trending section, coming from Frisco and Milford, Utah to the town site closest to the valley, Garrison, Utah, northwest of Antelope Valley, and on the Utah-Nevada state line.</p><br>
<p>Deulajhari, is the ancient citadel of Shaivism is located in the Angul district of Odisha. This attractive place is having and 55 decimals of land and covered with indigenous- jasmine forest . It is mainly famous for hot spring and a very old ancient Shiva Shree Siddeswar Baba temple.</p><br>
<h2>Hot spring</h2><br>
<p>The Deulajhari hot water spring originates from below a Shivalinga which attaches a distinct religious attribute to it. The hot water from the Deulajhari spring is collected into 36 man made ponds which circumscribe a Shiva Temple. 50 percent of the springs in the region are cold springs which lies attached to the hot springs, this very phenomenon is considered to be a miracle of nature. The waters of the Deulajhari hot spring is believed to contain medical properties that can heal a number of diseases and therefore travelers and pilgrims come here for curative and religious purposes. As per the ancient records there were eighty-four such springs. But many of these have been overshadowed in the jasmine forest. Now twenty-four springs are alive. Among these, the springs bearing the names like Agnikunda, Taptakunda, Himakunda, Amrutakunda and Labakusakunda are prominent ones. The temperature of water in these springs varies from 40 degree Celsius to 62 degree Celsius.Most Important and unique thing of this hot spring is two ponds are attached with water flowing to each other and one pond is having hot water where as another is cold. This is the most interesting and unbelievable thing of Deulajhari hot spring of Athmallik, Angul District.</p><br>
<h2>Temple</h2><br>
<p>The temple complex covers an area of twenty-four acres of land. The presiding deity Sidheswar Baba adores the main temple. The other important temples in the complex are Kedareswar Baba, Enkari Mata Maa Mahaswari, Sri Maheswar Baba, Sri Jogeswar baba and Maa Khambeswari.</p><br>
<p>Mythologically, the place is related to the age of Tretaya in which the lord Rama along with Sita Devi and the younger brother Laxman worshiped the Lord Shiva at this place in course of their fourteen years exile life. In the world of spiritualism the place is also viewed as the Adipitha of Lord Jagannath. But how and when this pitha became the saivic place of worship is yet a topic of research.</p><br>
<p>Historical records show that the presently standing main temple was built by the King Kishore Chandra Deo of Kadamba Dynasty in the year 1936. Subsequently adjacent temples in the premises were built by other benevolent persons and devotees.</p><br>
<h2>Festivals</h2><br>
<p>In each Amabasya (new moon) and Sankranti (1st day of the month) people from far off villages gather here to offer their obeisance to Sidheswarbaba, the sylvan deity of the temple. Apart from this a large number of people gather in the temple during the months of Baisakha(summer season), Kartika (dewy season) and Magha (winter season). The important fasts and festivals are Panasankranti, Sitalasasthi, Kartika Purnima, Makarmela, & Shivaratri. The other significant feature of this place is Barunisnahanayoga. The Jagannath Panjika is the prevalent Panjika of the temple. As per this panjika in the year 1971 there was a Barunisnahanyoga at this place. The devotees take holly bath in the Baruni stream that flows near the temple.</p><br>
<p>Lake Afambo is one of a chain of lakes into which the Awash River empties its waters. It is located at the eastern end of the Afar Region of Ethiopia, at .</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The lake lies on a roughly north-south axis, 13 kilometers long by two wide, having 1760 hectares of open water. Afambo receives its inflow from Lake Gummare from a channel at its northern point, and has its outflow in the swamps on its southwest shores where it empties into Lake Bario.</p><br>
<p>The first European to visit Lake Afambo was Wilfred Thesiger, who explored the course of the Awash to its ultimate ending point in 1935. Thesiger led his party along the eastern and southern sides of this lake. This area did not see another visitor from outside Ethiopia until Pele Thompson retraced Thesiger&#39;s steps in May and June 2001. There had been a bridge over the channel between lakes Gummare and Afambo at Ebobe, it had "collapsed some time ago." Further, while Lake Afambo had been a fresh-water lake when Thesiger visited in, it has since become very saline due to the amount of water diverted upstream for irrigation purposes.</p><br>
<p>The Whetstones are, or were, a stone circle beneath Corndon Hill on the border of Powys, Wales and Shropshire, England. They lie immediately to the west of the village of White Grit and close to Priestweston. The site is also a short distance from the better-known Hoarstones and Mitchell&#39;s Fold circles.</p><br>
<p>The circle was largely destroyed in the 19th century, and only a few fragments now remain. In 1860, the antiquarian Robert William Eyton still referred to the Whetstones as a "remarkable monument", but they were later stated to have been dug up, and the stones incorporated into a boundary wall, in about 1870. Aubrey Burl notes that "nearly all of its stones were blown up in the 1860s when the last stone was uprooted around 1870 charcoal and bones were seen".</p><br>
<p>The remnants of the circle can still be observed from an adjacent field boundary, or from the northern summit of Corndon Hill. Large stones are also visible now forming a boundary next to a footpath, which were probably also once incorporated in the circle.</p><br>
<p>The Knabb-Bieber Mill is located in Oley Township, Pennsylvania. The mill was built in 1809 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 8, 1990.</p><br>
<p>This grist mill was built in 1809 for John Knabb and was acquired around 1875 by John Bieber by his marriage to Maggie Knabb. Their fourth son, Effinger Bieber, inherited the property. He married Mary Moyer. They ran the mill until his death in 1996. Mary continued to run the mill until her death in early 1998. Like Effinger, she was in her 90s when she died.</p><br>
<p>Up until the time of her death the mill was producing commercially and continuously since its construction, for nearly 190 years.</p><br>
<p>The mill equipment is powered by water from the Monocacy Creek. The mill sits on a property of approximately 25 acres on Bieber Mill Road in the Oley Valley of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Lake Gummare is one of a chain of lakes into which the Awash River empties its waters. It is located at the eastern end of the Afar Region of Ethiopia, at .</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The lake lies on a roughly north-south axis, 15 kilometers long by five wide, having about 6,000 hectares of open water. Gummare receives its inflow from the Awash on its northwestern shore, and its outflow is on its southern shores where a channel joins the lake with Lake Afambo.</p><br>
<p>The first European to visit Lake Gummare was Wilfred Thesiger, who explored the course of the Awash to its ultimate ending point in 1935. Thieseger, who called this body of water Lake Adobada "The White Water"), explored its shores, but due to the opposition of the local Afar, he was forced to lead the main body of his party not along its western side, where the main road ran, but "round the almost pathless eastern shore". This area did not see another visitor from outside Ethiopia until Pele Thompson retraced Thesiger&#39;s steps in May and June 2001.</p><br>
<p>Borgarknappur is a mountain in Suðuroy, Faroe Islands. The mountain is 574 meter high. It is located in the center of the island, west of the village Hov and south-east of Fámjin, south-west of Øravík and north of Vágur. Another mountain peak, which is called Borgin  is just west of Borgarknappur, and a mountain called Hvannafelli  is further south. Before the roads were made between the villages in Suðuroy, there were paths between the villages over the mountains. In one place in Suðuroy several of these paths met near Borgarknappur, in a place called Mannaskarð and a mountain called Laðanfelli . To help people find their way up in the mountains there were cairns along the paths. Most of these cairns are still there and now mostly used for hiking trips for people who enjoy walking in the nature, including tourists. The paths which meet in Mannaskarð, near Borgarknappur come from the villages: Øravík, Fámjin, Porkeri, Hov and Vágur.</p><br>
<p>Geocode for Borgarknappur, Faroe Islands: Latitude: 61.5 / Longitude: -6.833333</p><br>
<p>Benjamin C. Tousey House, also known as "The Willows," is a historic home located at Clinton in Dutchess County, New York. The property includes six contributing buildings and one contributing structures. They are the main house, a stone cottage with garage in the basement, a stone garage, a frame lodge, two frame sheds, and a gazebo. The main house was built in 1914-1915 and is a compactly designed, two story rectangular house with arelatively low pitched roof. The ground floor is clad in wood shingles and the upper floor in stucco and half timbers. It features a complex arrangement of balconies and terraces and is representative of the American Craftsman style.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Minthi  is a mountain village and a community in the municipality of Zacharo, Elis, Greece. In 2011 its population was 77 for the village and 86 for the community, including the village Kotroni. It is situated at 760 m elevation on the northern slope of the mountain Minthi , 5 km south of Platiana, 12 km west of Andritsaina and 10 km east of Zacharo. The area of the community is 16,500 hectares.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The oldest mention of the village was the participation of its residents in the Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479), in which its leaders were Mitros Alveniotis and Giannis Agrios. In a Venetian census, between 1689 and 1700, it had 42 families and 149 residents. Minthi suffered damage from the 2007 Greek forest fires.</p><br>
<p>The Chad House, which was built by John Wyeth Jr. for John Chads , is located in Chadds Ford, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The house was built after 1712 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 11, 1971. John Chad&#39;s widow, Elizabeth, stayed in the house while it was in the line of fire during the Battle of Brandywine.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Chadsey came to Pennsylvania in 1685 and bought 500 acres in Birmingham Township, then in Chester County, in 1696, from Daniel Smith who had bought the land from William Penn. Chadsey did not take possession of the land until 1702, but then built a grist mill and a millrace on the land. He married Grace Stanfield in 1695 and they had six children before he died in 1713. Grace remarried in 1714 to Guyen Stevenson and died in 1727. Chadsey&#39;s oldest son, John Chads, reached legal majority in 1717.</p><br>
<p>The initials J.W. Jr. are carved in the front of the house, and appear to indicate that the house was built by John Wyeth Jr. Wyeth likely built the house for Chads sometime between 1713 and 1727. It is a "bank house" having been built into the side of a hill and remains essentially in its original condition.</p><br>
<p>Chads started a ferry service across the Brandywine in 1731 and operated it until his death in 1760. The ferry continued in service until 1828 when a bridge was built nearby.</p><br>
<p>During the Battle of Brandywine General Wilhelm von Knyphausens division feigned a direct attack across the Brandywine near the ferry and exchanged cannon fire with George Washingtons forces in fortified positions above the house. Chads&#39; widow Elizabeth remained in the house throughout the battle, watching troop movements from her attic windows, she survived until 1791.</p><br>
<p>The Granby Center Historic District is a predominantly residential historic district encompassing a portion of the village of Granby Center in Granby, Connecticut. The village developed in the 18th century as a farming center, and a now includes a variety of architectural styles from the late 18th to early 20th centuries. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Granby was settled in the 17th century, and was part of Simsbury before incorporating in 1786. Granby Center, located in the eastern part of the town due to the later separation of East Granby, is one of three villages that arose in the town, and has historically been its principal civic center. Land use practice of the period was to place houses in the village, with agricultural lands in the outlying areas, and it was along what is now South Salmon Brook Street. This stretch of road, now designated Connecticut Route 10 and United States Route 202, retains a tree-lined streetscape of wide lawns and well-spaced houses. Most of the village&#39;s early civic and commercial buildings have not survived, in part due to a major fire in 1876, and were not rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends from the town center at the junction of Salmon Brook Street, Granby Road, and Hartford Avenue, south roughly to a modern fire station.</p><br>
<p>It has 35 properties historic properties, includes two buildings dating to the 18th century, 24 dating to the 19th century and 8 dating to the 20th century. The buildings are in a mixture of styles, including Colonial Revival, Queen Anne, Italianate, Georgian and Federal. Most of the buildings were used as dwellings, including the building at 4 East Granby Road. The building at 2 Park Place was originally a dwelling, then a hotel, and then reverted to a dwelling. One building, a former schoolhouse, served as the town hall between 1951 and 1964.</p><br>
<p>Tresfjorden is a fjord in Vestnes Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The 12 km long fjord branches off of the main Romsdal Fjord, and it is one of the two main fjords that cut into the municipality. The village of Vestnes sits at the mouth of the fjord  and the village of Vikebukt sits at the mouth of the fjord . The village of Tresfjord is located at the southern end of the fjord.</p><br>
<p>European route E39 runs along the northwest shore of the fjord, and European route E136 approaches the fjord from the east and crosses it over the Tresfjord Bridge. The bridge opened in 2015, crossing the northern part of the fjord just south of the villages of Vestnes and Vikebukt. The opening of the bridge resulted in E136 being re-routed over the bridge instead of following the east shore down and around the fjord.</p><br>
<p>The Sanctuary of Atotonilco  is a church complex and a World Heritage Site, designated along with nearby San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Mexico. The complex was built in the 18th century by Father Luis Felipe Neri de Alfaro, who, according to tradition, was called upon by a vision of Jesus with a crown of thorns on his head and carrying a cross. The main feature of the complex is the rich Mexican Baroque mural work that adorns the main nave and chapels. This was chiefly the work of Antonio Martínez de Pocasangre over a period of thirty years. The mural work has led the complex to be dubbed the "Sistine Chapel of Mexico." The complex remains a place of worship and penance to this day, attracting as many as 5,000 visitors every week.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Sanctuary, officially called the “Santuario de Dios y de la Patria” (Sanctuary of God and Country), but is better known as the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco. It is located in the small, rural community of Atotonilco, which had a population in 2005 of 597. Today, this community is formally known as the Santuario de Atotonilco and is a World Heritage Site (2008) along with the historic center of San Miguel de Allende.</p><br>
<p>Atotonilco is located fourteen km outside the town of San Miguel de Allende in an area that is a combination of dry grassland and desert studded with thistles, sweet acacia and mesquite trees. The appearance of the landscape has been compared to that of Jerusalem, which gives believers a connection to the Holy Land. The area also has a large number of thermal and fresh water springs. When the sanctuary was built, there were 27 fresh water springs to support gardens around the complex.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>On the outside the church complex is very plain with high walls that give it a fortress appearance. The outer walls are about ten meters high; the cupolas reach twelve meters and the clock tower is about twenty meters high. The main entrance is also simple under a “mixtilineo” arch that faces east, towards Jerusalem, giving the entire complex an east-west orientation. To the south along the main facade is the Casa de Ejercicios and the clock tower. To the north is Santa Escuela de Cristo. In front of the main facade is a narrow atrium, which was once used as a cemetery. Today, it is shaded by trees and surrounded by a small fence. The main church is a single nave without a cupola, lined on the north and south flanks by chapels and chambers.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The walls and ceilings of the interior are nearly entirely covered in mural work, sculpture, inscriptions and oil paintings in a style called Mexican folk Baroque, although indigenous influence can be seen. The only exception to this are the Neoclassical altars which were installed later. The style of the painting imitates Flemish painting which was known through Belgian prints that the Spanish brought over from Europe.</p><br>
<p>Along the main nave of the church, especially along the ceiling, the story of Jesus’s ministry and death according to the Gospels are told. At the entrance area, there are images related to the Last Judgment. In the highest part Jesus appears crowned and with a cape carrying a cross and blessing certain chosen people with his right hand. On the left side, are the "damned", tied up, with their faces showing their agony, large ears and horns. The entrance is divided by a wood screen to block the light with two doors in front and one door on each side. The screen is made of square blocks, each one painted with allegories, Biblical passages and an image of saints.</p><br>
<p>As the visitor moves along the nave towards the main altar, the ceiling is divided into sections by arches. These arches contain verses written by Father Neri which relate to the scene painted on each vault. The images begin with the upper choir with a scene containing Jesus with the Mary who receives a blessing. Another scene has Jesus praying in Gethsemane, receiving comfort from an angel. Another scene has Judas Iscariot with a devil on his back and followed by soldiers as he betrays Jesus with a kiss. In the fourth scene, Peter attacks Malchus with a sword, cutting off an ear and then Jesus replaces the ear. The north wall has the Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River, accompanies John the Baptist.</p><br>
<p>In the next section there is a representation of Jesus in the house of Caiaphus. Seventy two judges try Jesus with Pontius Pilate on the side in the balcony. On the north side, Pilate appears again but the Jewish judges stay outside the Roman magistrate&#39;s house because they are observing Passover. The south side presents Pilate presenting Jesus and Barabbas and asking to choose who to let go. On the east side is a scene with Jesus being flogged while tied to a post. On the south wall there is a Neoclassical altarpiece of stone with gold leaf. This contains an image of Christ tied to a post and bearing the marks of being flogged. This is called the Señor de la Columna.</p><br>
<p>Next are verses from the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and John referring to Jesus after he was flogged by soldiers. Another section shows the Virgin Mary, Mary Magdalene and Mary of Clopas watching the punishment of Jesus from afar. Christ then receives the cross. The next section shows Jesus on his knees with Simon of Cyrene carrying the cross and followed by a large crowd and soldiers. Saint Veronica appears in front of Christ, wiping his face with a cloth. The north and south segments show the falls Jesus suffered while carrying the cross while the three Marys look on.</p><br>
<p>At the presbytery section, where the main altar is, can be found a depiction of Palm Sunday, the crucifixion and death of Jesus. The main altarpiece was made between 1812 and 1820. It contains the image of Jesus of Nazarene, which was placed there by Father Neri in 1748. This sculpture is made of wood and dressed with a cloth tunic. The face is typical for this kind of image of the 18th century and comes from Seville, Spain.</p><br>
<p>The line along the ceiling of the nave is supposed to trace the path from sin and Hell to the “glory of God’s presence.”</p><br>
<p>On the north side of the nave, there are two chapels with mural work and other decorations. The Belen (Bethlehem) Chapel is dedicated to the birth of Jesus. It was constructed between 1759 and 1763, but the altar is a Neoclassic design dating from the 19th century. It contains medallions painted in oils. The vault contains a conjunction of angels that sing the arrival of the Messiah, peace, and a group of shepherds who come to adore the child. Both the angels and the shepherds hold up signs with the Apostles&#39; Creed. There is also a scene with the Holy Trinity that accompanies the Virgin Mary who is crowned. On the left, idols fall before the birth of Christ.</p><br>
<p>The Capilla del Rosario or Rosary Chapel was constructed in 1763 and its vault is divided into four triangular segments. The north segment contains a naval battle where galleons, with Spanish and Ottoman coats of arms, fire at each other, referring to the Battle of Lepanto. The Virgin of the Rosary is credited with the Spanish victory. On the south side, there is a ceremony dedicated to the Virgin Mary in Rome, presided over by Pope Pius V. The main altar is gilded and contains the image of the Virgin. There are 15 small sections over mirrors with scenes related to the mysteries of the Rosary. On the east and west walls there are images of saints grouped by monastic order. In the interior of the chamber, there are portraits of Father Neri, Esteban Valerio de Alfaro and María Velázquez de Casillta (his parents). By the windows are portraits of Doctor Díaz de Gamarra and Dominican friar Francisco Alonso de Rivera and a self portrait of Pocasangre, who emphasizes his indigenous features. The roof of this inner chamber is in the form of a large shell. Writings such as the Ave Maria, prayers, saints&#39; names and more are inscribed on the ribs of the shell.</p><br>
<h3>Annexes</h3><br>
<p>On the south side there are six annexes of note. The vault of the old sacristy contains scenes from the life of Father Neri and the construction of the Sanctuary. There are also 12 oils on canvas of the Apostles. Prior to the restoration of the Camarín de la Gloria (Chamber of Glory), the oils on canvas covered medallions on the walls. There is also a painting of Anthony of Padua by Juan Correa as well as paintings of a number of important churchmen and more by anonymous painters. Two paintings compare Jerusalem with San Miguel de Allende and the Sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>The Capilla de Soledad or Chapel of Solitude was built between 1740 and 1748. The main altar contains the Virgin of Sorrows, weeping for the crucified Jesus. On the south wall, there is a sculpture of Saint Peter crying in regret for having denied Jesus. This chapel is the darkest in the complex as the windows let in little light.</p><br>
<p>The Capilla de Loreto or Loreto Chapel was built in 1754. There is no direct access to this chapel from the main nave of the church; it is necessary to enter from the current sacristy or through the Capilla de Soledad. The dimensions and shape of this chapel exactly match the Loreto chapels in the monastery of Tepotzotlán and in the church of San Felipe Neri in San Miguel de Allende. The three chapels are based on the layout of the Chapel of Loreto in Ancona, Italy. One wall is painted with a mural of an angel announcing to Mary her pregnancy. There are also various depictions related to the Virgin and the child Jesus.</p><br>
<p>The area known as the “La Glora Escondida” or "The Hidden Glory" is located on the north side of the choir area, but it is difficult to access. It is a partially hidden rectangular area. It was decorated by Pocasangre with depictions related to the Final Judgment, Hell and sin. There are not Seven Deadly Sins, but eight represented by eight swords topped with the head of a different animal. The north wall contains a triptych where a dying man is surrounded by a priest, a guardian angel, and several demons vying for the his soul. In the end, the demons are defeated. The only window is on the right which shows a scene from the Final Judgment which is based on an engraving by Gustave Doré. On the left side, there are depictions of the torments of Hell.</p><br>
<p>The Capilla del Santo Sepulcro or Chapel of the Holy Burial was built between 1759 and 1763. The murals here were begun in 1760 and center on the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus. This area connects the Chapel of the Calvary, which is behind it, by a kind of bridge anchored to the walls. This chapel contains an image of a resuscitated Jesus but still reclined which is notable for the bloody face and the number of precious stones that have been placed on it. These stones have remained despite the various attacks the church has suffered over its history. The roof is trapezoidal decorated with rose windows and four large reliefs of shells. The walls are painted with numerous figures such as Four Evangelists, the Four Fathers of the Church, and a large quantity of angels and cherubs. There are also allusions to the Four Cardinal Virtues, and medallions with scenes of the Resurrection.</p><br>
<p>The Capilla de Calvario or Calvary Chapel is the largest of the complex and was built between 1763 and 1766. It was also the last that Father Neri had built although he did not live to see its completion. It has a cross layout and is topped with vaults and a cupola. Its decoration is almost purely Mexican Baroque with monumental oil paintings and groups of painted statues that are placed on the floor, walls and ceiling. The columns contain inscriptions of poems written by Father Neri. The three altars contain the best of the sculptures and enclose the transept. These sculptures depict the crucifixion, agony, and descent of Christ after his death.</p><br>
<p>The choir was built between 1759 and 1763. It was originally painted by Pocasangre, but little remains due to subsequent re-paintings and the enclosure of the space when the “Casa de Ejercicios" or meditation room was added. Most of the paintings in this space date from 1867. The area contains a wood organ used to accompany services.</p><br>
<p>The two parts of the complex which do not connect directly or indirectly to the main nave are the Escuela Santa de Cristo and the Casa de Ejercicios. The Casa de Ejercicios is a prayer and meditation facility which was built according to the principles of Ignatius of Loyola. They are based on a set of spiritual “exercises” designed during the reformation to help Catholics reinforce their faith. This type of building came to Mexico around 1665 and, 100 years later, Father Neri had the casa de ejercicios built. This building is mostly separate from the rest of the complex and is decorated differently. Only inscriptions such as poems appear with the intention of providing meditative help. When Father Neri died, there were 7,541 men who lived and studied there. Today, there are thirty, with 19 being women. However, about 75,000 visit each year.</p><br>
<h2>Pilgrimage site</h2><br>
<p>Since it was built, the complex has been a pilgrimage and procession site. The architecture and decorative features reflect the doctrine of Saint Ignatius of Loyola, During Holy Week, an estimated 5,000 perform these exercises and wear crowns of thorns on their heads. It is one of 33 weeks out of the year when visitors, mostly from the center and north of the country, visit the Casa de Ejercicios to perform penance. A complete cycle of penance, prayers and meditation lasts eight days. It can receive up to 5,000 visitors each week.</p><br>
<p>Each year and since 1812, the image of Jesus, depicted tied to a column and beaten, called the Señor de la Columna, has traveled in procession between Atotonilco and San Miguel de Allende. In 1812, the image was requested due to an epidemic that was plaguing the town. Today, and each year on the Saturday prior to Holy Week, it travels to San Miguel and returns to Atotonilco on Thursday night.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The World Heritage Organization calls it an “exceptional example of the exchange between European and Latin American cultures” and “one of the finest examples of Baroque art and Baroque architecture in the (sic) New Spain.” Chichimecas came to this particular place to perform penance rites, puncturing themselves with maguey thorns and washing away guilt in the thermal springs.</p><br>
<p>According to tradition, Father Neri arrived here from preaching at missions in Dolores Hidalgo. While resting under a mesquite tree where the sanctuary is now located, he dreamt of Jesus wearing a crown of thorns and carrying a cross. Jesus told Father Neri that it was his will that the area be converted into a place for penance and prayer. A different version of this story states that Father Neri was here due to his ill health and was assisting at a small church called the Capilla de San Miguelito, which is still found on the banks of the Laja River. At that time, the native Guachichiles and Pames were not completely converted to Christianity and considered the thermal springs in the area sacred and medicinal. It was also supposedly a favored place for rites that included fornication. One reason to build the church was to counter this practice.</p><br>
<p>Father Neri bought the entire Hacienda de Atotonilco to build the sanctuary and to have enough productive land to support it. The first phase of construction lasted from 1740 to 1748 and included the main nave, the tower, and old sacristy, today the Purisisma Chapel. At the end of this phase, it was consecrated and the image of Jesus the Nazarene was placed. The second phase lasted until 1776 when most of the chapels and other annexes were built. As the complex was built, the mural work was done. The main reason behind this was to reinforce the principles of the Council of Trent and the Counter Reformation. During all of this construction, Father Neri lived at the site until his death in 1776. All that was missing at that time was the Santa Escuela annex, the new sacristy, some hallways and the chaplain’s house, as well as various sculptures, altars and oil paintings. These were added over the next 100 years.</p><br>
<p>According to the will of Father Neri, the complex cost 22,647 pesos. The main church is dedicated to Jesus of Nazareth.</p><br>
<p>The church is connected to the events of the Mexican War of Independence in the early 19th century. Ignacio Allende married Maria de la Luz Agustina de las Fuentes in 1802 in this church. More importantly, the initial banner for the nascent insurgent army depicting the Virgin of Guadalupe was taken from here on 16 September 1810. After the war, the community became part of the municipality of San Miguel de Allende.</p><br>
<p>Since that time the art and architecture of the Sanctuary suffered from deterioration, mostly due to high humidity. This humidity comes from the thermal springs that flow under the ground on which the complex rests, and which also have a high mineral content. The moisture and minerals were seeping into the walls and foundations, causing them to crumble and were causing damage to the murals, oil paintings and sculptures. Restoration work began in 1994, starting with the chapels. To highlight this effort the site was listed in the 1996 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund. About half of the oil paintings and all of the mural work were saved. Funds for the work came from various sources, including the state and federal governments, the World Monuments Fund and private sources such as American Express. After repairing water damage in the walls and roofs, sealant was applied. Further restoration work was undertaken in 2010 as part of the preparations for Mexico’s Bicentennial. The walls and roofs were aired out and old wells were cleaned out to allow drainage away from the foundation. Channels were constructed in the foundation for the same purpose.The remains of the Sagrado Corazon Chapel were demolished. It was not part of the original construction and had blocked light into a portion of the complex. The arch to the La Higuera courtyard was uncovered. However, the tree planted in this courtyard remains as it was planted in memory of the sanctuary’s founder. This courtyard was reconstructed as it is an important part in providing light and drainage to keep the complex dry.</p><br>
<p>The Old Bennington Post Office is a historic government building at 118 South Street in Bennington, Vermont, United States. Also known at one time as the USA Federal Building, it is a Greek Revival building built in 1914, and now houses the Bennington Police Department. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 for its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Bennington Post Office is located in downtown Bennington, at the northeast corner of Union and South Streets (United States Route 7). It is a single story masonry structure, set on a raised basement, its walls structurally built out of concrete and brick, and faced in Vermont marble. The main facade, facing South Street, is nine bays wide, with a recessed entry area that is defined by six large fluted Doric columns and flanking square corner pilasters. Similar square pilasters articulate the bays at the rear of the recess. The building is topped by entablatures, one adorned with Roman patterns, with a cornice and broad parapet above. The south facade, facing Union Street, has six window bays, also articulated by pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The post office was built in 1914, and was one of the last works prepared by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the United States Treasury Department during the tenure of James Knox Taylor. It served as a post office until 1967, at which time its interior was gutted and converted into federal government offices. It now houses the Bennington Police Department.</p><br>
<p>The John Calvin Stevens House is an historic house at 52 Bowdoin Street in the West End neighborhood of Portland, Maine. Built in 1884, it was the home of architect John Calvin Stevens, and was one of Portland&#39;s earliest examples of Shingle style architecture. The house was prominently used by Stevens in promotion of the style, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Stevens House is set on the south side of Bowdoin Street, abutting Portland&#39;s Western Cemetery to the south, and a short way east of the Western Promenade. The house is 2-1/2 stories, with a rusticated brick first floor topped by a large gambrel roof, which shelters a full second story and an attic level. The gable ends are finished in wooden shingles. The north-facing main facade originally had the main entrance, sheltered by a slightly projecting porch at the left corner, but this has been enclosed, and the main entrance is now on the west side. The windows at the attic level of the north side are square fixed-pane units, with a decorative panel between. The east and west facades each have a large wall-plane dormer, with smaller gabled dormers projecting from the upper slope of the roof. The current entrance is sheltered by a rectangular porch, and opens into what was originally the dining room. Although some of its spaces have been repurposed and altered over time, the house retains many original finishes.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1884 to a design by John Calvin Stevens, and was his home until 1919. Stevens and his architectural partner at the time, Albert Winslow Cobb, included illustrations of the house in their Shingle Style survey, Examples of American Domestic Architecture, first published in 1886. It received international notice after its construction, with reviews by American Institute of Architects and The British Architect.</p><br>
<p>The Gothic House, also known as the John J. Brown House, is an historic house at 387 Spring Street in Portland, Maine. Built in 1845, it is one of Maine&#39;s finest and earliest known examples of Gothic Revival architecture. Although it is virtually unaltered, it was moved down Spring Street in 1971 to avoid demolition. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gothic House is located in Portland&#39;s West End neighborhood, on the north side of Spring Street, a short way east of the Western Cemetery. Spring Street here is part of the Spring Street Historic District, a cluster of well-preserved 19th century residences. The house is a two story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, wooden siding treated to resemble rusticated stone, and a modern concrete foundation. The main (south-facing) facade is three bays wide, with a central projecting section housing the main entrance. That section, topped by a steeply-pitched gable, has a two-pointed Gothic arched window on the second level, and the entrance, sheltered by a Gothic-detailed porch on the first. Windows in the flanking bays are diamond-paned casement windows. The main gable in front, and smaller gables on the side elevations, are all decorated with bargeboard trim.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by Harry Rowe, a major proponent of the Gothic Revival, and built in 1845; it is believed to be Rowes first commission in the state, The design is based in part on examples published in Andrew Jackson Downings 1842 Cottage Residences. The house was originally located approximately a mile to the east of the present location, closer to the city&#39;s port area. Faced with demolition in 1971, it was moved further down Spring Street and a Holiday Inn hotel was constructed in the former location.</p><br>
<p>The Harrison Bird Brown House is an historic house at 400 Danforth Street in West End of Portland, Maine, United States. It was built in 1861 for Harrison Bird Brown , one of Maine&#39;s best-known painters of the late 19th century, and was his home and studio until 1892. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Brown House stands on the south side of Danforth Street, near the southernmost tip of Falmouth Neck, the peninsula on which downtown Portland and its harbor facilities are located. It is a two story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, bracketed deep cornice, clapboard siding, and a brick foundation. Its main facade faces north, and is three bays wide, with a projecting two-story ell in the left bay, and the entrance at the center bay, set in a projecting enclosed vestibule topped by a simple balustrade. A two story ell projects to the rear of the house, overlooking the Fore River, which housed Harrison Bird Brown&#39;s studio space.</p><br>
<p>Harrison Bird Brown (1831-1915) was one of Portlands best known painters during the late nineteenth century. He had this house built in 1861, and lived and worked here until 1892, when he moved to England, where he died. He met with immediate success in the painting of landscapes, and was the first Maine painter to exhibit at the National Academy of Design in New York City. His painting of White Head on Monhegan Island was exhibited in the Maine pavilion at the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The A.B. Butler House is an historic house at 4 Walker Street in Portland, Maine, United States. Built in 1868, it is a remarkably little-altered high-quality example of Second Empire architecture, and one of two surviving designs in the city of architect Matthew Stead. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 8, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is set in Portlands West End neighborhood, just south of Congress Street on the east side of Walker Street. It is a 1-1/2 story wood-framed structure, with a mansard roof providing a full second story. The roof is finished with diamond-cut slate shingles, in bands colored beige and red. The building is finished in wooden clapboards, with corner pilasters, and a dentillated and paneled entablature with paired brackets below the roofline. The front facade is symmetrical, with projecting polygonal bays on either side of the entrance, and gabled dormers in the roof line with decorate scrollwork in the gable peaks. The main entrance is sheltered by a bracketed hood. A rear ell, built with sympathetic styling, houses modern amenities, while the main house interior retains original woodwork and finishes, including a remarkable set of trompe-lœil frescos in its central hall and stairwell.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1868 for Albert Berry Butler, a prominent local dry goods merchant. It was designed by Matthew Stead, an architect from New Brunswick who produced many designs in the wake of Portlands devastating 1866 fire. This house is one of only two of his local designs to survive; the other is the commercial Merchants Exchange building.</p><br>
<p>The Leonard Bond Chapman House is an historic house at 90 Capisic Street in Portland, Maine. Built in 1866-68, it is a fine and distinctive local example of Second Empire architecture, and is notable has the home of one Portland&#39;s leading historians of the period, Leonard Bond Chapman. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Chapman House is located in Portland&#39;s western Rosemont neighborhood, on the south side of Capisic Street, between Bancroft and Frost Streets. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a mansard roof providing a full third floor. At the northeast corner of the house is an inset three-story square tower, topped by a mansard roof that has an unusually small center and widely flaring eaves. The main cornice is studded with paired brackets in the Italianate style, and a porch wraps around the front and side of the corner with the tower. The porch roof is supported by carved round posts, and also features brackets. To the rear of the property stands a period carriage house with similar styling.</p><br>
<p>The house was built between 1866 and 1868, and represents a locally unusual example of the Second Empire mansard-roofed style. It was built for Leonard Bond Chapman, a Portland native who was professionally a nursery owner. His avocation, however, was as an antiquarian and collector of manuscripts, particularly on the subject of Portland history. He was a longtime active member of the Maine Historical Society, for which he wrote numerous treatises on all aspects of the city&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Q. Clapp House is a historic house at 97 Spring Street in central Portland, Maine. Built in 1832, it is one of Maine&#39;s important early examples of high style Greek Revival architecture. Probably designed by its first owner, Charles Q. Clapp, it served for much of the 20th century as the home of the Portland School of Fine and Applied Art, now the Maine College of Art. It is now owned by the adjacent Portland Museum of Art. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Clapp House is located on the north side of Spring Street in Downtown Portland, behind the main bulk of the Portland Museum of Art, and immediately adjacent to the McLellan-Sweat Mansion, a National Historic Landmark that is also part of the museum complex. The house is two stories tall, with brick walls set on a raised granite foundation, and capped by a wood-frame gabled roof. Its front facade faces south, and is divided into three bays, with fluted Ionic columns at the outside and fluted Ionic pilasters framing the center bay. The center bay has a large sash window on the first floor, set in a recessed rectangular panel, with a smaller three-part window on the second floor characterized by its flanking oval windows with elaborately carved surrounds. The side elevations each have a recessed porch supported by three Ionic columns, with colored tile floors laid in geometric patterns. Each porch is accessed via a separate granite stair leading to it on the main facade.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1832, and was probably designed by Charles Q. Clapp, its first owner. Clapp was the son of one of Portlands wealthiest businessmen, and was engaged in real estate development in the city. Some of the designs on the inside and outside of the house are traceable to popular works describing Greek Revival style, including Asher Benjamins The Practical House Carpenter and Edward Shaws Civil Architecture. In addition to this house, Clapp is credited with making Greek Revival alterations to the McLellan-Sweat Mansion (which he lived in during the 1820s), and for construction of the Charles Q. Clapp Block, one of Portlands oldest surviving commercial buildings.</p><br>
<p>The house was owned in the 1860s by Portland Mayor Augustus Stevens, and survived the citys devastating 1866 fire. In the aftermath, bank and city records were stored here, and it is probable that city business was also conducted here, the city hall having been one of the fires casualties. In 1914, the building was acquired by the Portland Society of Art, and converted for use as an educational facility with design assistance by John Calvin Stevens.</p><br>
<p>Howard Mansion and Carriage House is a historic mansion and carriage house in Hyde Park, New York. It was designed by architect Charles Follen McKim  and built in 1896. It is a two-story, six-bay, eclectic dwelling built of uncoursed fieldstone. The house is rectangular in plan and has a wood shingled roof with overhanging twin gables. The front entrance is a Dutch door and features a portico supported by two square, bracketed columns. The carriage house is a two-story, wood frame, stucco covered, Tudor style building built in 1901. It features a two-story, polygonal bay with a polygonal roof. Frederick W. Vanderbilt had the house built for his nephew, Thomas H. Howard.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Lost River State Forest is a state forest located in Roseau County, Minnesota. The forest borders the Canadian province of Manitoba to the north, and parcels belonging to the Red Lake Indian Reservation are within the forest&#39;s boundaries. The forest is managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<p>The forest is known for its excellent birdwatching. Avian species within the forest include the great grey owl, spruce grouse, snowy owl, northern hawk owl, and northern saw-whet owl, whip-poor-will, American three-toed woodpecker, black-backed woodpecker; yellow-bellied flycatcher, common raven, boreal chickadee, and magnolia warbler. Outdoor recreation opportunities in the forest include dispersed camping, hunting and trails are designated for hiking and snowmobiling.</p><br>
<p>The L. Richardson Preyer Federal Building is a courthouse of the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina in Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina. It was completed in 1933, and was renamed in honor of United States Representative and District Court judge L. Richardson Preyer in 1988. It is located at 324 West Market Street.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Built pursuant to the Public Buildings Act of 1926, the Preyer Building was designed by the Washington architectural firm of Murphy and Olmstead with supervision by the Office of the Supervising Architect under James A. Wetmore. The George H. Rommel Construction Company of Louisville, Kentucky, acted as General Contractor.</p><br>
<p>The Greensboro building was built as a Post Office, Courthouse and Federal Building. The people of Greensboro had anxiously awaited construction of a new, badly needed facility. Construction was begun in December 1931, and when the building was dedicated on July 6, 1933, more than 5000 people attended the dedication ceremony. After the postal service moved out completely in the late 1980s, the entire first floor work space was converted to courts and related offices. As of 2010, the building serves primarily as a courthouse for the Middle District of North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The site of the building has some significance. Prior to the construction of the Federal Building, the Sloan House, a house built of timbers of the original Guilford County Courthouse stood on the site for 100 years. It was said that the armies of General Green and Lord Cornwallis fought around this house during the Revolutionary War. Later the house was reported to be home of Greenboro&#39;s first mayor. The site is at the edge of the downtown commercial are and directly across the street from the Guilford County Government complex.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural description</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is an Art Deco style building. The main entrance is on the south elevation with auxiliary entrances on the north and west. The building is 202 ft at the west and east elevations and 150 ft at the north and south elevations. Originally, entries to the building were on the south, north and west for the postal lobby. At the present time, the south entry is used as the main entry; the west entry is closed and the north entry, at the basement level, is used on a limited basis.</p><br>
<p>The Federal Building and USA Courthouse is a four-story structure with a fully occupied basement and an attic (vacant). Resting on a Mount Airy granite base, the walls above are clad in Indiana limestone. The ornamentation is also limestone. The south, main, elevation consists of fifteen bays with the five central bays projected at the entry pavilion. The entry pavilion facade consists of the three entry doors at the first-floor level with a set-back at the third-floor level, and another set-back at the attic level. Ornamentation consists of a carved denticulated panel of the lotus motif. Windows at the second and third floors are slightly recessed and hung in pairs. They are separated by aluminum spandrel panels ornamented by a diamond motif.</p><br>
<p>The projected entry pavilion at the south elevation provides the main entry to the building. Granite steps and Crab Orchard stone terraces lead to the three-bay entry. The three-bay entry projects slightly from the pavilion. Flanking the entry doors to the east and west are carved open stone grilles. The second and third floor levels are set off by four fluted engaged pilasters with carved caps featuring the lotus motif flanked by the scrolled motif. Carved panels between the pilasters feature lotus panels separated by unornamented shields. The reveals of the recessed windows feature elongated carved panels. Aluminum separating second and third floor windows there feature the seals of the Treasury Department, Post Office Department, Department of Justice, War Department, Department of Agriculture, and Department of Labor. The fourth-floor level of the entry pavilion consists of a three-bay set-back delineated at the east and west sides by projected triangular pilasters. Scored pilasters separate the windows within the pavilion. These pilasters feature carved eagles&#39; heads atop Federal shields.</p><br>
<p>The west elevation reveals the U-shape plan of the building. The basement level is revealed by windows at this elevation. Ornamentation is similar on this elevation as on the south. The same fretwork band as on the south elevation runs above the third floor level. The replacement double aluminum doors have a polished granite surround with paterae on the panels and an elaborate pediment. The pediment features a lotus flanked by heavy floral carving with palmetta acroterions. Open, geometric granite grilles flank the entry door. Three bays above the entry door feature open limestone, geometric grilles delineated by pilasters with carved lotus-motif panels at the third and fourth-floor levels. Decorative terra cotta and pieces from the terra cotta roof are revealed at the fourth-floor level on this elevation.</p><br>
<p>The north elevation is ornamented the same as the south except the central projected entry pavilion features only one entry door accessed by two sets of granite stairs at the stone terraces. The central stairs are flanked at the basement level by recessed entry doors leading to the north basement lobby. The polished granite surround is the same as on the west elevation, and the reveal features the same carving. Distinctive stone hexagonal light standards differ slightly at each elevation.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building retains significant spaces in the courtroom and the south lobby. The third-floor courtroom remains in nearly original condition. Marble wainscot and original doors and furnishings highlight this area. The south lobby lost much of its character when the postal service moved out and all the boxes and windows were filled in. However, the entry foyer with its elaborate ceiling, marble walls, and original light feature is an important feature of the interior. Second and, particularly, third floor corridors add to the character of the building with original floors and door surrounds.</p><br>
<p>The Blair–Dunning House is a historic house on the west side of Bloomington, Indiana, United States. Built in the 1820s as a farmhouse, it now lies at the heart of one of the citys neighborhoods, and it is one of Bloomingtons most prominent houses. Once the home of the Governor of Indiana, it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The first settler on the grounds of the present house was Robertson Graham, who began farming there in 1817. He inhabited the land for a short time, selling it to the town of Bloomington in 1819. Construction of the Blair–Dunning House was a gradual process that lasted from 1822 to 1845, costing approximately $1,200. Its builder and first resident, Enos Blair, was one of Monroe Countys most prominent citizens: among the areas first settlers, he served as the first jailer for the city of Bloomington and later held the offices of sheriff and Justice of the peace. Blair died in 1845; over the next twenty years, the house passed through many hands, including those of state representatives Elias Abel and Ransom Akin.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original part of the Blair–Dunning House is a rectangular brick structure with a stone foundation, two stories tall and covered with a gabled roof. It is a linear quadruple-pen structure, measuring far longer east-west than north-south. Because the house occupies a hilly lot, the foundation under the front of the house is visible above the surface of the ground. Prominent elements of the exterior include large rectangular double-hung windows with limestone sills and lintels, a frieze with cornice, and corbelled chimneys on the eastern and western ends. The various elements of the house&#39;s design combine to form a structure that mixes the Greek Revival and Federal styles of architecture.</p><br>
<p>When the house was built, its front door faced north; this situation changed in the late 1860s, when wings were added both to the northern side and to the southern side of the original portion. As a result, the size of the house nearly doubled, and its main entrance was moved to the eastern end of the original house. Both additions are single-story structures with an individual room that measures 26 by. Architecturally, they closely resemble the original portion of the house, with brick walls, corbelling, gabled roofs, stone window sills and lintels, and end chimneys.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the Blair–Dunning House is primarily a wooden building; yellow poplar wood is used throughout the building. Among the distinctive elements of the six-room interior are baseboards 18 in tall, fireplaces in every room with massive mantels, and a basement.</p><br>
<h2>After Blair</h2><br>
<p>Paris C. Dunning bought the former Blair House in 1864. By this time, Dunning had established a reputation as a leading Indiana politician: he had served in the state legislature, been elected to the position of Lieutenant Governor, and served as Governor from 1838 to 1850. He only lived on the property for five years before selling it to grocer Jacob Young in 1869, who in turn sold it to businessman Matthew Dillon two years later; Dillon&#39;s family owned the farm for the rest of the century and into the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Although the Blair–Dunning House was constructed in the middle of open countryside, the city of Bloomington has grown to surround it; the house now occupies a double lot within the city, and the only original structures remaining around the house are a pump and two cisterns. Today, the house occupies a hill at the end of Third Street, one of the city&#39;s most significant thoroughfares; as a result, it is visible from a great distance.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In the mid-1980s, a community foundation known as Bloomington Restorations led the restoration of the Blair–Dunning House. Problems such as water damage had destabilized the houses structure, almost causing the roof to collapse, while some of the bricks used in the walls had crumbled and weakened these walls significantly. As a result, one of the wings had to be removed, although the bricks were preserved and used to rebuild the wing. The exterior walls had changed significantly: they were originally painted red, but by the 1980s, they had been changed to grey, and for a time in the 20th century, the bricks were covered with stucco in order to protect them from the elements. Before the process began, it was estimated that the restoration of the exterior alone would cost nearly $50,000. Owner Lingle Craig enabled the restoration effort by donating the property to Bloomington Restorations in 1984; restoration or destruction of the house had been proposed for several years, but never accomplished. The foundation ultimately needed a loan of $90,000 to accomplish the restoration; besides the restoration and repainting of the wall bricks and the rebuilding of the wing, this renovation accomplished the rebuilding of a large rear porch and the reinforcement of the houses walls with steel rods.</p><br>
<p>At the end of 1985, the house was sold to a group of investors from Miami, Florida, who bought it with plans to rent it as commercial offices or as room for businesses in the arts and crafts fields. Today, the house is occupied by the law firm of Bauer and Densford. In 2010, the house was badly damaged by a short but fierce fire. Shortly after midnight on July 10, flames erupted in many portions of the house; sprinklers reduced the fires impact, and a rapid response by the city fire department stopped the burning. Many Bloomington residents, recognizing the houses place in the community, offered aid to the owners in restoring the building, and the law firm promised that the damage would be completely repaired.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>Local historians have pronounced the Blair–Dunning House the most important house in the city of Bloomington, except perhaps for buildings on the Indiana University campus. In recognition of its status, the house was designated a historic site by the city of Bloomington on July 5, 1979. This designation, which was granted in response to a request from the owners, prohibited significant modifications without permission from the city planning commission. At that time, the city was considering extending Third Street through the western side of the city; this designation prevented such an extension. As a result, the designation was controversial; some officials mildly opposed this designation, and others saw this opposition as a rejection of the very idea of historic preservation. Four years later, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due primarily to its status as the home of Paris Dunning, the only Indiana politician to have held every elected executive and legislative office in state government. Today, the Blair–Dunning House is seen as the most important part of the Prospect Hill Historic District; added to the National Register in 1991, Prospect Hill encompasses one of Bloomington&#39;s oldest neighborhoods.</p><br>
<p>In late October 2010, Mount Merapi in Central Java, Indonesia began an increasingly violent series of eruptions that continued into November. Seismic activity around the volcano increased from mid-September onwards, culminating in repeated outbursts of lava and ashes. Large eruption columns formed, causing numerous pyroclastic flows down the heavily populated slopes of the volcano. Merapi&#39;s eruption was said by authorities to be the largest since the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>Over 350,000 people were evacuated from the affected area. However, many remained behind or returned to their homes while the eruptions were continuing. 353 people were killed during the eruptions, many as a result of pyroclastic flows. The ash plumes from the volcano also caused major disruption to aviation across Java.</p><br>
<p>The mountain continued to erupt until 30 November 2010. On 3 December 2010 the official alert status was reduced to level 3, from level 4, as the eruptive activity had subsided.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanic eruptions</h2><br>
<h3>Recent background</h3><br>
<p>In late October 2010 the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency (CVGHM), (Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Badan Geologi-PVMBG), reported that a pattern of increasing seismicity from Merapi had begun to emerge in early September. Observers at Babadan 7 km west and Kaliurang 8 km south of the mountain reported hearing an avalanche on 12 September 2010. On 14 September 2010 white plumes were observed rising 800 m above the crater. Lava dome inflation, detected since March, increased from background levels of 0.1 to 0.3 mm per day to a rate of 11 mm per day on 16 September. On 19 September 2010 earthquakes continued to be numerous, and the next day CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1–4). Lava from Mount Merapi began flowing down the Gendol River on 23–24 October signalling the likelihood of an imminent eruption.</p><br>
<p>On 25 October 2010 the Indonesian government raised the alert for Mount Merapi to its highest level (4) and warned villagers in threatened areas to move to safer ground. People living within a 10 km zone were told to evacuate. The evacuation orders affected at least 19,000 people however the number that complied at the time remained unclear to authorities. Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about a 1 km below the surface due to the seismic activity.</p><br>
<h3>Chronology of eruptive events</h3><br>
<h4>Monday, 25 October</h4><br>
<p>Merapi erupted three times on Monday afternoon spewing lava down its southern and south-eastern slopes. Three major eruptions were recorded at 14:04, 14:24 and 15:15 local time. On this day, 222 volcanic seismic events and 454 avalanche seismic events were recorded by Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation monitoring staff at Merapi.</p><br>
<h4>Tuesday, 26 October</h4><br>
<h4>Friday, 29 October</h4><br>
<p>On Friday eruptive activity included lava ejection with hot ash clouds reported to be flowing 3 km down the slopes of the mountain and lasting four to nine minutes. Ash falls reached as far as the Central Java town of Magelang. Scientists monitoring the volcano including Surono, chief of the Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation Center (PVMBG), expressed optimism that the volcanic activity should decrease following the release of lava. Safari Dwiyono, a scientist monitoring Mt. Merapi for 15 years, said the volcanic activity appeared to be easing pressure behind a lava dome that had formed in the crater. The International Red Cross reported that on 29 October, from 07:23 to 21:40, pyroclastic flow from Merapi struck Lamat River, Senowo River, and Krasak River.</p><br>
<h4>Saturday, 30 October</h4><br>
<p>By early on the morning of Saturday 30 October the volcano was erupting again. Sri Sumarti, head of the Merapi section at the Volcano Investigation and Technology Development Institution (BPPTK), reported the eruptions were louder and stronger than those of 26 October. Ash from the eruptions on 30 October fell more than 30 km away and now included ash falls upon the city of Yogyakarta. Soldiers and police posted nearest the volcano were seen fleeing along with hundreds of residents who quickly clogged roads with cars and motorcycles. Black soot fell across a vast area. The morning eruptions lasted for 22 minutes while pyroclastic flows flowed into the Krasak and Boyong Rivers and rose 3.5 km into the air, drifting westward toward Magelang. Yogyakartas Adisucipto Airport was closed temporarily between 05:00 to 07:00. Later that day, Subandrio, head of the BPPTK suggested there would be further eruptions as magma continued to push its way up into the volcanos lava dome. A pyroclastic river flowed from Merapi again on 30 October 2010 at 00:35. A pyroclastic flow headed toward Gendol River, Kuning River, Krasak River, and Boyong River. This was then followed by an explosion from Merapi resulting in a two-kilometre vertical high fire ball rising from the top of the mountain. This eruption caused raining sand to fall on areas to a radius of up to 10 km from the volcano. Amongst activities from government and NGOs the Indonesian Red Cross and Red Crescent (PMI) had by this time fielded up to 398 volunteers from branches in the provinces of Central Java, and Yogyakarta. These volunteers assisted in disseminating information to communities to warn of Merapis level IV volcanic activity. PMI also provided meals for 1,000 displaced people in the Dompol camp.</p><br>
<h4>Monday, 1 November</h4><br>
<p>The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation observation outposts at Mount Merapi began observing at 00:00 and concluded at 06:00 and reported no significant visible activity. Merapi spewed hot clouds in the afternoon. Sulfatara smoke was visible from several posts and avalanches were observed. Mount Merapi erupted at 10:10 local time Monday morning spewing hot clouds and dark fog masses in easterly direction punctuated by loud explosions. Lt Col Soekoso Wahyudi, chief of the Boyolali district military command, was reported by Antara news as saying the explosions this time were louder than those of Sunday evening 31 October. The hot clouds descended on part of the mountain slopes and moved in easterly direction. Local military and police commands deployed personnel on roads in areas around the mountain to regulate traffic which had become clogged by vehicles and people rushing to leave the danger zones. Reports from Klaten, Sleman and Boyolali districts suggested the volcanic explosions were so loud they caused panic and a rush to seek refuge. Merapi&#39;s heat and hot ash clouds continued to erupt throughout the day. A thick eruptive ash cloud was reported to rise 1.5 km into the air. The Darwin VAAC reported that a possible eruption on 1 November produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 6.1 km a.s.l., according to ground-based reports, analyses of satellite imagery, and web camera views. The WHO reported that Mount Merapi spewed out hot clouds of gas and ash again on Monday morning, 1 November 2010 at around 10:05 local time. Clouds of hot ash and gas billowed up to 1.5 km into the atmosphere, before cascading back down up to 4 km around the slopes of Merapi. An uninterrupted stream of smoke clouds were sent into the air for 40 minutes, heading southward toward a nearby river in Sleman regency, and took with it an estimated 2 million cubic metres of rock and earth from the peak. From the previous eruption, Crisis Center MOH reported 42 people died and 103 people were admitted to several health facilities with respiratory difficulties and burn injuries. Up to 70,143 people were reported to have been displaced. Health problems amongst the evacuees included acute respiratory infection, eye irritation, cephalgia, and hypertension. Land transportation beyond the 10 km restricted area was not disrupted. Air transportation was affected for flights from and to Yogyakarta and Solo.</p><br>
<h4>Tuesday, 2 November</h4><br>
<p>On 2 November several airlines including Garuda, AirAsia and Silkair with international flights to both Yogyakarta and Solo were either suspended or re-routed due to the eruptive activity. CVGHM reported 26 pyroclastic flows on 2 November.</p><br>
<h4>Wednesday, 3 November</h4><br>
<p>Eruptions in the afternoon followed a morning eruption that sent hot gas clouds down the volcanos slopes. The volcano spewed clouds of ash and gas 5 km into the sky for more than an hour. Wednesdays eruptions were reported to be the largest since the eruptions commenced. Surono announced that he was moving the shelters further from the summit. Speaking on Indonesia&#39;s Metro TV network he said, "this is the first time that the eruption has continued for more than an hour, so I decided to move the shelters to 15 km away from the summit". The shelters had previously been set up 10 km away. Surono added that the energy from the eruption on 3 November was three times greater than that of the first eruption in the previous week. Bambang Ervan, a spokesman from the Transportation Ministry, said an official warning had been issued to all airlines to "use alternative routes for safety reasons due to the volcanic ash."</p><br>
<h4>Thursday, 4 November</h4><br>
<p>Heavy rain during the night of 3–4 November triggered lahars with mixtures of water and rock debris cascading down the Kuning, Gendol, Woro, Boyong, Krasak and Opak Rivers on the slopes of the volcano. A bridge was destroyed and riverbanks damaged. The eruption at 05:55 was reported as being five times stronger than the initial eruption on 26 October 2010. On 4 November Merapi had been erupting for 24 hours without stopping. Pyroclastic flows of 600 to 800 C spread as far as 11.5 km from the crater reaching toward the edge of the then 15 km exclusion zone, and lava flowed into the mountain&#39;s rivers. Herry Bakti Gumay, Director General of air transportation, stated on 4 November that the warning released to all airlines operating flights into Yogyakarta would not be withdrawn until conditions returned to normal.</p><br>
<h4>Friday, 5 November</h4><br>
<p>Merapi erupted strongly early Friday morning. Volcanic ash fell at Cangkringan district and its surroundings 10 km from the crater. Due to continuous large eruptions, the BNPB extended the safety zone to a radius of 20 km and Yogyakarta&#39;s airport was closed again for 3 hours in the morning. Residents who were within 15 km of the summit were asked to leave and seek a safer place.</p><br>
<p>Volcanologists reported the eruptions on Friday 5 November to be the biggest since the 1870s and officials announced by loudspeaker that the mountain&#39;s danger zone had been expanded to 20 km from the crater. Bronggang, a village 15 km from the crater saw its streets blanketed by ash up to 30 cm deep. By this point, more than 100,000 people had been evacuated and the scientists monitoring the events were withdrawn from their posts to a safer distance. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) issued an ongoing code red Aviation Volcanic Ash Advisory and reported MTSAT-2 satellite image-derived information indicating a volcanic ash plume to (55,000 ft – FL550), extending 190 nmi to the west and southwest of the mountain.</p><br>
<h4>Saturday, 6 November</h4><br>
<p>The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation observation outposts reported high intensity ash falls on the slopes of Mt Merapi. At 23:51 a flash of smoke, hot air winds and flames as high as 3 km occurred to the west, north and to the east. The day&#39;s volcanic activity was very high, with sequential hot ash clouds erupting from the mountain. The alert level for the remained at level 4 and the official exclusion zone was a radius 20 km from the summit of Mount Merapi.</p><br>
<h4>Sunday, 7 November</h4><br>
<p>On Sunday, 7 November Indonesias President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono opened a limited cabinet meeting at the Presidential Palace, the Great House of Yogyakarta, to address the emergency response to the eruptions of Mount Merapi. At the meeting he reaffirmed his support of the Badan Koordinasi Nasional Penanganan Bencana- (Indonesian Disaster Management Office) and their administration and control of the disaster response. At 03:02 hot ash clouds flowed in the direction of the Gendol and Woro rivers. Volcanic earthquake and hot ash cloud events were reported to have increased from the previous day. The JakartaGlobe reported that Merapi continued to belch out deadly pyroclastic flows and clouds of superheated ash and gases. At least 135 people had died on its slopes over the previous two weeks, and authorities were still struggling on Sunday to help those injured from Fridays massive eruption. Police stationed on the slopes complained that they were having considerable difficulties stopping people entering the exclusion zone and putting their lives at risk on the mountains slopes.</p><br>
<h4>Monday, 8 November</h4><br>
<p>Department of Air Transports Director General Herry Bakti announced on 8 November that flights in and out of Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Jakarta had returned to normal. Government vulcanologist Surono said gas and ash soared 4 km into the air on Monday as the volcano continued to erupt, "Merapi hasnt stopped erupting since 3 November. It&#39;s been fluctuating but tends to be in the high intensity range."</p><br>
<h4>Tuesday, 9 November</h4><br>
<p>The eruption that began on Friday continued for another day with less intensity as more bodies were retrieved from villages destroyed by pyroclastic flows.</p><br>
<p>On 9 November BNPB announced that they considered the eruptive activities of 2010 to have exceeded the activities of the mountains eruption in 1872. Based on historical records, the eruption of Merapi in 1872 was recorded for 120 hours, while the eruption of 2010 had already presented five days of relentless activity since Thursday 4 November and up until 8 November had erupted for more than 120 hours or more without pause. Subandriyo, head of the Volcano Investigation and Technology Development Institution (Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kegunungapian) (BPPTK) in Yogyakarta revealed that hot ash clouds during the eruptions of 138 years ago had a maximum reach of only 11 -, whilst the current eruptions were reaching 14.5 km.</p><br>
<p>The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG) Geological Agency, head officer, Dr Surono announced on 9 November that during the hours of 06:00 to 12:00 eruptive events were continuing with sequential volcanic earthquakes, tremors, avalanches fast moving clouds were still travelling as far as 4 km toward the southwest. Yogyakarta residents and evacuees were reminded that the threat of pyroclastic ash clouds and lahar floods remained. The people of Yogyakarta were also reminded to observe the instructions to remain outside a radius of 20 km from the peak of Merapi.</p><br>
<p>On 9 November a 5.6 magnitude earthquake was felt in Yogyakarta. Reports by the Bureau of Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), detailed the tectonic earthquake as measuring 5.6 on the Richter scale (SR) at 14:03:27. The epicenter was 125 km south-west of Bantul, precisely at 8.98 south latitude coordinates (LS) and 110.08 east longitude (BT) at a depth of 10 km. The quake&#39;s epicenter was at sea and had no tsunami potential. This type of tectonic earthquake was not sourced from the volcanic activity of Mount Merapi.</p><br>
<p>On the night of 9 November there was a burst of ash reaching up to 1.8 km vertically.</p><br>
<h4>Wednesday 10 November</h4><br>
<p>On 10 November 2010 the eruptive intensity was noticed to subside, despite that the volcano&#39;s activity remained high with recurring pyroclastic flows. The exclusion zone was maintained at 20 km</p><br>
<h4>Thursday 11 November</h4><br>
<p>Based on the results of instrumental and visual monitoring by CVGHM (PVMBG), on 11 November activity at Mount Merapi was found to remain high with ash falls and pyroclastic flows extending to 3 km. Under these conditions, the volcanic activity status remained at a dangerous level (level 4), with an ongoing danger from hot air clouds and lava. In the reports of by CVGHM (PVMBG), on 11 November the eruptive activities were noted to be continuing but at a level of decreased intensity. Seventeen avalanches were recorded with one hot ash eruption and one volcanic earthquake. The volcano remained a level 4 alert with a recommendation of a "Caution" level being adopted. Refugees were to remain at a distance of greater than 20 km.</p><br>
<h4>Wednesday 17 November</h4><br>
<p>Reports by CVGHM (PVMPG) of eruptive activity including hot air clouds, smoke columns, avalanches and volcanic earthquakes continued throughout 16, 17 and 18 November. White and grey smoke was reported emerging from Merapi with smoke columns rising to 1,500 m. Smoke emissions continued to drift south and southwest of the mountain. Based on monitoring and assessment by CVGHM (PVMPG) the activity Mount Merapi was still considered to be remain at a high level on 18 November. The activity status of the volcano remained at Caution level (Level 4). The threat of immediate danger of eruption continued to be attributed to hot air and ash clouds (awanpanas) with indirect threats attributed to lava ejections.</p><br>
<h4>Late November</h4><br>
<p>In late November Mount Merapi still remained on alert due to threats in the form of hot clouds and lava. Eruptions were still being reported by PVMPG on 26 November but occurring with decreased intensity to those earlier in the month. The PVMPG still set conditions on the status of Merapi at CAUTION (Level 4). The immediate danger from Mount Merapi continued to be from hot ash clouds eruptions and indirect threats in the form of lava and lahar. The recommended exclusion zones remained at between 5 and 20 km.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was still erupting on 30 November 2010 and the official alert status remained at level 4.</p><br>
<h4>December</h4><br>
<p>On Friday 3 December 2010 the head of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), Dr. Syamsul Maarif, M. Si, accompanied by the head of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation CVGHM (PVMBG), Dr. Surono made a joint press release at the BNPB Command Post in Yogyakarta. As of 3 December 2010, at 09:00, the CVGHM (PVMBG) lowered the status of Mount Merapi to the level of Caution Alert (Level III). They clarified that with this alert level the potential of hot ash clouds and projected incandescent material remained. The Geological Agency provided several recommendations including that there would be no community activities in the disaster prone areas and proclaimed an ongoing exclusion zone of 2.5 km radius.</p><br>
<h3>Lava dome deformation</h3><br>
<p>During the last week of October 2010 deformation measurements were performed by Electric Distance Measurement (EDM), utilising reflectors mounted around the summit of Mount Merapi. The measurement results indicated a rapidly increasing rate of growth of the lava dome in the buildup to the eruptive events of 25–26 October 2010.</p><br>
<p>At the end of September 2010, the peak inflation rate of the lava dome at Mount Merapi was measured by EDM at an average growth rate of 6 mm. The subsequent rate of inflation up until 21 October 2010 reached 105 mm per day. The inflation rate then increased very sharply, reaching 420 mm per day by 24 October 2010. By 25 October the average grow rate, measured from 6 EDM points over 24–25 October had risen to 500 mm per day.</p><br>
<p>The information gathered at the site indicated that the distension of the mountain&#39;s slopes was much more rapid this during the current event than that observed during the 2006 event.</p><br>
<p>On 26 October the head of the Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Surono, repeated his earlier statements that the greatest concern was the pressure building behind a massive lava dome that has formed near the tip of the crater. "The energy is building up.... We hope it will release slowly," he said. "Otherwise were looking at a potentially huge eruption, bigger than anything weve seen in years". Surono also said that said the distension of the mountain&#39;s slopes was much more rapid this time around, indicating a higher-pressure build-up of gas and hence a much more explosive eruption and speculated that Merapi may erupt explosively, as it did in 1930, and not just eject gas as in 2006 eruptions.</p><br>
<p>By 5 November, following a week of ongoing explosive eruptions, experts monitoring Merapi were reported as being "baffled" as, despite earlier predictions that the eruptions following the initial blast in the prior week would ease pressure building up behind a magma dome, instead the eruptions intensified. An estimated 50 million cubic metres of volcanic material had been released by 5 November. "It was the biggest in at least a century," said Gede Swantika, a state volcanologist, commenting on the eruptions of 5 November as plumes of smoke rose up more than 10,000 m.</p><br>
<p>On 17 November Dr Surono, head of the Volcanology and Geological Disaster Management Agency CVGHM (PVMBG) reported that Merapi was still spewing ash and rock. "Most of the initial eruptions threw the ash south toward Sleman in Yogyakarta, but now its blowing west toward Magelang in Central Java," Surono said. The later eruptions had not been as powerful because of the formation of three new lava vents in addition to the main one in the crater. This helped lessen the intensity of the eruptions. "If you look at the mountains peak at night, youll notice three small glowing points," Surono said. "Thats actually a good sign because it means the volcano is releasing all its pent-up energy more quickly."</p><br>
<h2>Casualties</h2><br>
<p>On 26 October at least 18 people, including a two-month-old baby, were found dead due to burns and respiratory failure caused by hot ashes from the eruption. Thousands were evacuated within a radius of 10 km around the slopes of the volcano.</p><br>
<p>By Wednesday 27 October the death toll had risen to at least 25. The death toll included an elder, Mbah Maridjan (grandfather Marijan), known as the volcanos spiritual gatekeeper, who was found dead at his home approximately 4 km from the peak. The Yogyakarta Kraton subsequently confirmed his death. The 10 km exclusion zone remained in place at the volcano with evacuation and ongoing search and rescue activities continuing at the site in an attempt to locate further victims of the previous days eruptions.</p><br>
<p>Later reports revised the toll upward to 30 persons recorded at Yogyakarta&#39;s Dr. Sardjito Hospital with 17 hospitalized, mostly with burns, respiratory problems and other injuries. Earlier on 27 October two of the 28 bodies at the hospital had been identified. Yuniawan Nugroho, an editor with the vivanews.com news portal, was reported to have been killed while conducting reportage on the night of Tuesday 26 October, the other was later identified as Indonesian Tutur Priyanto, a 36-year man working for the Red Cross as a volunteer on the mountain. Tutur Priyanto had been retrieving and escorting residents from the slopes of the mountain. After making many trips he returned for a further ascent at 15:00 to assist others to come off the mountain and died during one of the subsequent eruptive events. The Indonesian National Disaster Mitigation Agency stated at 10:00 on morning of 1 November that 38 people had been killed and 69,533 evacuated since Merapi began erupting on 26 October. The victims came from the district of Sleman, Yogyakarta, where 37 people (including 25 men and 12 women), and 1 baby died.</p><br>
<p>Indonesia&#39;s vulcanology agency warned that flights around Yogyakarta may be disrupted.</p><br>
<p>By the afternoon of 5 November the Indonesian National Disaster Management Agency was reporting 122 deaths attributable to the Merapi eruptions, primarily residents from Sleman, Daerah Istimewa, Yogyakarta.</p><br>
<p>Many of those killed on 5 November were children from Argomulyo village, 18 km from the crater, according to emergency response officials and witnesses.</p><br>
<p>On 5 November full emergency response operations were announced under the single command of Syamsul Muarif, the head of the Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB) in co-operation with the Governor of Yogyakarta, the Governor of Central Java, the Commander of Diponegoro, IV, Central Java Military Region, Central Java police chief and police chief (Polda-National Police-DIY) of Yogyakarta.</p><br>
<p>On the morning of 6 November BNPB provided a victim report. At that time there were 198,488 refugees, 218 people were injured, and 114 people had been recorded as having died. All the victims came from the districts of Sleman, Magelang, Klaten and Boyolaliin.</p><br>
<p>The JakartaGlobe reported on 8 November that at least 135 people had died on Merapis slopes over the previous two weeks, and that authorities were still struggling on Sunday to help those injured from Fridays massive eruption. The bodies of four members of the Indonesian Disaster Response Team were found on the slopes of Mount Merapi on Monday, 8 November. A Search and Rescue (SAR) team discovered the bodies at 06:00 at the Glagaharjo barracks. The building itself had been destroyed by a volcanic mudflow according to the returning retrieval party. The team reported recovering four bodies and seeing one further. Another body in Banjarsari hamlet was found by an Army Special Forces (Kopassus) team. However rescue officials had to retreat as eruptive activity made their further presence on the slopes too dangerous. A hot ash cloud from an eruption forced the SAR group to leave the area carrying only one corpse while the three other bodies were left behind. The Jakarta Globe, quoting the Antara news agency, reported the same day that a total of six bodies of the missing Disaster Response Team members were recovered from the village of Glagaharjo in Sleman, Yogyakarta. The bodies of another two members of the response team, known as Tagana, were yet to be found or recovered. The victims had been missing since Thursday and were presumed dead.</p><br>
<p>On Monday 8 November Dr. Surono, Head of the Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG) reminded volunteers and rescue workers that eruptive activity was still high. Volunteers were reminded to be aware of the mortal danger presented by the pyroclastic clouds and were encouraged to concentrate on assisting the living at the refugee shelters rather than being concerned about the evacuation of the dead from the mountain. It was made clear by Dr. Surono that only Army Special Forces, specialised Search and Rescue teams, and the Police should be involved in those highly dangerous activities. Nine further victims died from the further eruptions of Mount Merapi at Dr Sardjito hospital in Yogyakata on Monday 9 November bringing the total number of deaths recorded there to 97, with 103 victims still being treated at that hospital.</p><br>
<p>The death toll was reported to be over 153 by 9 November with at least 320,000 people reported to have been evacuated to emergency shelters. One hospital recorded 12 more bodies brought to its morgue on 9 November, including seven pulled from a destroyed village. Another five people who were being treated for burns died.</p><br>
<p>The National Disaster Management Agency announced on 11 November that the death toll since the first eruption on 26 October had climbed to 194, three-quarters of those from searing heat blasts during the biggest eruptions and included deaths from respiratory problems, heart attacks and other illnesses related to the eruptions.</p><br>
<p>The number of people killed by the ongoing eruptions had risen to 275 by 18 November. The National Disaster Management Agency announced the death toll had climbed after more than a dozen victims succumbed to their injuries, the majority of those being from severe burns. Most of the 275 people were reported as being killed by searing gas clouds and from respiratory complications, burns and other illnesses related to the eruptions. Some victims died in road and other accidents during the panicked exodus from the mountain. By 22 November, the death toll had risen to 304 and by 24 November the toll had risen to 324. Syamsul Maarif, head of the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) explained that the death toll had risen after a number of victims succumbed to severe burns and more bodies were found on the volcano&#39;s slopes. By 3 December the toll had risen to 353.</p><br>
<h2>Civil impacts</h2><br>
<p>President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono arrived in Yogyakarta on the night Friday, 5 November and had set up his command post at Gedung Agung, the presidential residence 30 kilometres south of the volcano. Yudhoyono said he had also assigned Agung Laksono, coordinating minister for people&#39;s welfare, to coordinate aid from the central government. The military mobilised a brigade to build makeshift hospitals and public kitchens to serve the growing number of displaced. The President also announced that the coordination of disaster mitigation for the eruption had been tasked to Syamsul Maarif, the head of the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB). "Looking at the scale and the continuity of the disaster, I decided that the command is now in the hand of the BNPB head with the help of the Yogyakarta and Central Java governors, the Diponegoro military commander and the heads of the police of Central Java and Yogyakarta," he said, adding that the decision was effective as of Friday.</p><br>
<p>The alert level for the volcano remained at level 4. On 6 November the official exclusion zone was at radius 20 km from the summit of Mount Merapi. Refugee camps that were previously located within a radius of 15 km were re-located to secure locations placing an added burden upon logistics and the delivery of basic needs to the people displaced by the evacuations.</p><br>
<p>By 7 November due to the eruptions and ash falls in the surrounding area of Central Java, the price of many vegetables, such as potatoes and water spinach were reported as increasing. Schools were reported closed up to 120 km west of Yogyakarta.</p><br>
<p>On 8 November upon a directive from both the President and the Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates the UAE Red Crescent Authority (Red Cross) responded to appeals by Indonesian officials to assist the Yogyakarta population and is providing a field hospital. According to head of medical services at the UAE Interior Ministry Brig. Salem Al-Junaibi is to be staffed by medical and administrative workers and will be set up within the safe zone more than 20 km from the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Acute respiratory infection, hypertension, and headache were affecting Mount Merapi eruption survivors. "The displaced people are so vulnerable to these diseases," an official of the Health Ministry Supriyantoro stated on Sunday, 7 November. Refugees received medical treatment at clinics set up inside the refugee shelters with serious cases despatched to local hospitals, the Mount Merapi refugees were not required to pay for medical treatment. 45 hospitals and more than 100 health centers were serving Mount Merapi eruption victims in the districts of Sleman, Klaten, Magelang and Boyolali, he said. "But we (health workers) have difficulties in taking care of the refugees&#39; health problems because many moved from one refugee shelter to another." Asked about the medical supplies for the refugees, especially those with serious burns, he said the supplies were not sufficient, but situation could still be handled and overcome.</p><br>
<p>On Tuesday, 9 November, Indonesian Red Cross chairman Jusuf Kalla encouraged the development of a disaster preparedness curriculum to assist in dealing with natural disasters ("Harus ada kurikulum kebencanaan") through an ongoing training and education.</p><br>
<p>320,000 people were reported to have been evacuated to emergency shelters by 9 November following the widening of the evacuation zone the previous week. Many children remained separated from their parents due to the chaos surrounding the mass exodus of refugees fleeing from the mountain slopes and the refugees were living in cramped temporary shelters after being ordered to evacuate from a 20-kilometre "danger zone" around Mount Merapi. "We are concerned about children who are yet to be united with their parents," said Makbul Mubarak, a coordinator for volunteers who are trying to reunite separated families.</p><br>
<p>A Merapi Response Radio 100.2 FM "talk show" presented the Yogyakarta Governor, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X, the head of the BNPB, Dr. Syamsul Maarif, and chief of the PVMBG, Dr. Surono on evening of 11 November. A media center and a call center were also established to attempt to assist in bridging an information gap related to information on current conditions and the management of victims of Merapi. BNPB stated that many issues and news reports in the media and are misleading and many irresponsible SMSs were circulating. by that time more than 350,000 people had been evacuated to cramped emergency shelters. Thousands of evacuees were in limbo in refugee camps, posing a very real threat to their mental health. Supriyantoro, the Health Ministrys director general for medical services, said his office had noted that many of the evacuees were beginning to exhibit symptoms of mild mental health problems, which he said was not surprising, given the current situation. Preliminary findings at the time showed at least eight people were suffering from serious depression and anxiety, while one man had committed suicide, reportedly due to stress.</p><br>
<p>On Thursday, 18 November the Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs issued a second update to their 11 November travel advisory bulletin acknowledging the announcement by Indonesian authorities on 15 November scaling back the 20 kilometre exclusion zone in some of the regions around Mount Merapi. The exclusion zone had been reduced to 15 km in the District (Kabupaten) of Magelang and to 10 km in the Districts of Klaten and Boyolali. The exclusion zone in the District of Sleman, towards the city of Yogyakarta, remained at 20 km. The exclusion zone did not include the metropolitan areas of Yogyakarta or Adisucipto International Airport However the Indonesian Government advised that Adisucipto International Airport would be closed until at least 20 November. Other airports in Java had been subject to periodic closure due to volcanic activity at Mount Merapi. The travel bulletin further advised that eruptions or any widening of the Indonesian Government&#39;s exclusion zone would likely cause major disruption to services in Yogyakarta and surrounding areas. At the time the advisory was issued residents of Yogyakarta were still able to leave the city by road and rail, however any possible widening of the exclusion zone was considered to have the potential to affect the availability of departure options. It was noted that there had been a deterioration in air quality in Yogyakarta from ash falling on the city. It was cautioned that volcanic ash could cause breathing difficulties, particularly for people with chronic respiratory ailments such as asthma, emphysema, or bronchitis.</p><br>
<p>The Indonesian Social Welfare Minister, Salim Segaf Al-Jufri announced on 19 November that the government planned to end the emergency response period for the Mount Merapi eruption disaster on 24 November. "We will maintain the emergency response period until 24 November. Whether the period will be extended or not will depend on the situation." Speaking to newsmen in Magelang district, he said the Mt Merapi evacuees could return home after the volcanos "beware" status had been lowered. The social welfare ministry had distributed relief aid packages containing staple food and blankets during the emergency response period. After the end of the emergency response period, the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) planned to begin implementing the reconstruction and rehabilitation programs for Mt Merapi victims. By mid November the eruptions had damaged 867 hectares of forest land on the volcanos slopes in Sleman District, Yogyakarta, with material losses estimated at Rp33 billion. The damaged areas included the Merapi National Park, community forests and the farms and plantations of the local people. Magelangs district administration decided to extend the emergency period, scheduled to end on 24 November, for a further period of 2 weeks until 9 December as Merapis alert status still remained at the highest level in late November 2010. Heri Prawoto, the head of the district&#39;s Disaster Management Office was reported as saying that "there is still the possibility that some areas in Magelang will be impacted by volcanic debris".</p><br>
<p>Yogyakarta&#39;s Disaster Management Agency reported in late November that there were about 500 reported cases of eruption survivors in Sleman district suffering from minor to severe psychological problems, and about 300 cases in Magelang.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanic ash plume</h2><br>
<h3>Air travel disruption</h3><br>
<p>The eruptions and subsequent volcanic ash plumes caused extensive disruption to aviation movements across central and western Java in early November. Some flights to and from Bandung, Jakarta and Solo were effected and many international and domestic airlines suspended operations to and from those cities. Yogyakartas Adisucipto International Airport was closed on many occasions in early November due to limited visibility and ash falls upon the runway, taxiway and terminal aprons. Adisucipto International Airport is the third busiest airport on the island of Java and lies approximately 13.5 nmi to the south of Merapi. An Airbus A330-300 flight operated for Garuda Airlines as a Hajj pilgrimage from Solos Adisumarmo International Airport 19 nmi east of Merapi and travelling to Batam en route to Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) was reported to have suffered from ash related engine damage on 28 October. It was however later reported to have suffered from blade tip rubbing and was not apparently damaged by volcanic ash ingestion.</p><br>
<p>On 3 November Garuda Indonesia diverted its embarkation point for Hajj pilgrims from Solo to Surabaya to keep flights from being delayed by volcanic ash from the erupting Mount Merapi.</p><br>
<p>On 4 November Herry Bakti Gumay, Director General of air transportation, stated that the warning released to all airlines operating flights into Yogyakarta would not withdraw warning until conditions returned to normal. Transportation Minister Freddy Numberi, speaking in Jakarta, said he had instructed airlines to direct all flights crossing Java to the north or south to avoid Merapi. "We have already prepared alternative routes for all flights," he said. "It may cost more and use up more fuel, but safety comes first."</p><br>
<p>On 5 November at 05:27 (UTC) the Australian government Bureau of Meteorology (VAAC) issued an ongoing code red Aviation Volcanic Ash Advisory and reported satellite image (MTSAT-2) derived information indicating a volcanic ash plume to FL550 OBS extending 190 nmi to the west and southwest of the mountain. Yogyakartas Adisucipto International Airport (JOG) was closed and flights were diverted to Solos Adisumarmo International Airport (SOC) to the east of Mount Merapi.</p><br>
<p>On 6 November at 11:07(UTC) the Australian government Bureau of Meteorology (VAAC) issued an ongoing code red Aviation Volcanic Ash Advisory and reported satellite image (MTSAT-2) derived information indicating a volcanic ash plume to FL550 OBS extending 190 nautical miles to the west of the mountain. At Jakarta&#39;s Soekarno-Hatta Airport (CGK) airlines cancelled 36 flights on 6 November over concerns about volcanic ash. The Indonesian Disaster Management Office reported that volcanic ash from Merapi was falling in Jakarta and some nearby areas such as Bogor and Puncak on Saturday the night of 6 November but only in very light falls.</p><br>
<p>By 7 November the Aviation Volcanic Ash Advisory issued from Darwin Australia reported the volcanic ash plume "to FL250 OBS extending 100 nmi to the west". Fights to cities close to Merapi including Yogyakarta, Solo and Bandung were affected by concerns of ash in the air around the mountain and of that blowing from the mountains ash plume toward the west and south west of Merapi. The closure of smaller airports near the volcano delayed the arrival of burn cream and ventilators for those whose skin and lungs have been damaged by the ash, heat and volcanic gases. The VAAC code red status was issued again for that day describing an ash plume extending westward to 120 nmi, the last observations being made at 08:30 (UTC) 14:30 local time at Yogyakarta.</p><br>
<p>At Jakartas Soekarno-Hatta Airport (CGK) airlines canceled 50 flights on Sunday, 7 November in addition to 36 flights cancelled on 6 November over concerns about volcanic ash. Many international airlines halted flights to the capital however some carriers resumed some flights on Sunday 7 November. Jakartas Soekarno-Hatta airport normally handles around 900 flights per day and a spokesman for Soekarno-Hatta Airport, confirmed that the capitals airport remained fully open. Flag-carrier Garuda Indonesia and Lion Air still operated international flights out of Jakartas Soekarno-Hatta airport. Garuda Indonesia spokesman Pujobroto told news portal kompas.com, "There has been no notice to airman so far from the aviation authorities which says the airport is affected by the volcanic ash. Therefore Garuda continues its activities." Domestic flights to and from Yogyakarta were cancelled by Garuda Indonesia: 15 flights (8 departure / 7 arrival), Lion Air: 4 flights (3 departure / 1 arrival), Batavia Air: 2 flights (1 departure / 1 arrival). AirAsia (Malaysia) had previously suspended flights into Yogyakarta and Solo and Silkair (Singapore) had suspended their operations into Solo. Airport operations at Yogyakartas Adisucipto airport had already been closed or suspended on many occasions due to concerns from ash fall and limited visibility. Garuda and Sriwijaya Air canceled all flights to Yogyakarta until 9 November due to the ash plume. Pujobroto, vice president of corporate communications, Garuda Indonesia announced that with flight conditions between Yogyakarta and Solo also still uncertain, flights from Yogyakarta will not be diverted to Solo and reiterated that there had not been any official declaration that Soekarno Hatta airport had been affected by Merapis volcanic ashes and nor was it closed down. "Garuda will still continue its services for domestic and international flights to and from Soekarno Hatta airport."</p><br>
<p>Department of Air Transport&#39;s Director General Herry Bakti announced on 8 November that flights in and out of Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Jakarta had returned to normal.</p><br>
<p>On Thursday 11 November, ash continued to spread over western Java and was falling just short of Jakarta, according to the Volcanic Ash Advisory Center in Darwin, Australia. Flight activity at Jakartas airport was normal, and Yogyakartas airport was closed until Monday 15 November. On the morning of 11 November, the volcano was ejecting ash 1,000 m into the air. High-level clouds were observed over the Indian Ocean and were thought to be volcanic ash-bearing. A code-red aviation alert was continued, and at 16:41 a volcanic ash plume was seen to be extending to 25,000 ft, FL250 extending to 150 nmi to the west. It had been observed earlier that day travelling 150 nautical miles to the north west as it had the day prior. The volcano was observed on 4–8 November by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASAs Aura spacecraft and imagery indicated that a sulfur dioxide plume had been released into the upper troposphere. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas that can harm human health and cool earths climate. Besides elevating the risk of acid rain, the ions can also react to form particles that reflect sunlight. On 9 November 2010, the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre in Darwin, Australia, also reported a sulfur-dioxide cloud over the Indian Ocean between 12,000 and, in the upper troposphere.</p><br>
<p>An Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs travel advisory bulletin issued on 18 November noted that the exclusion zone in place at that time did not include the metropolitan areas of Yogyakarta or Adisucipto International Airport. The Indonesian Government had advised that Adisucipto International Airport would be closed until at least 20 November whilst other airports in Java had been subject to periodic closure due to volcanic activity at Mount Merapi. It was further noted that there had been a deterioration in air quality in Yogyakarta from ash falling on the city. It was cautioned that volcanic ash could cause breathing difficulties, particularly for people with chronic respiratory ailments such as asthma, emphysema, or bronchitis with a further caution that volcanic activity at Mount Merapi was continuing and could lead to further disruptions to international and domestic flights to locations throughout Indonesia. Acting upon information derived from MSTAT imagery on 19 November VAAC, Darwin notified of an ash plume observed at a height of 15,000 ft, extending 40 nmi to the west of the mountain. The (VAAC) Aviation Volcanic Ash Advisory warning of code red was applied in the 10:50 (UTC) advisory, elevated from a code orange issued earlier at 06:36 (UTC).</p><br>
<h3>Effect on Borobudur</h3><br>
<p>Borobudur, an 8th-century Buddhist temple and one of the world&#39;s largest Buddhist monuments, was heavily affected by the eruption in early November 2010. Volcanic ash from Mount Merapi fell on the temple complex, which is approximately 28 km west-southwest of the crater. A layer of ash up to 2.5 cm thick fell on the temple statues during the eruption of 3–5 November, also killing nearby vegetation, with experts fearing that the acidic ash might damage the historic site. The temple complex was closed from 5 November to the 9th to clean up the ashfall.</p><br>
<p>Borobudur was again "temporarily closed for tourists" from the morning of 10 November, due to the continuing fall of volcanic ash.</p><br>
<h2>International reaction</h2><br>
<p>On Thursday 29 October the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that it was not accepting foreign aid as an assessment of needs was still being made. On Friday 30 October, Teuku Faizasyah, a presidential spokesman, announced; "If they (foreign donors) want to provide help, then the government will facilitate the channelling of those funds," He said the government had not yet confirmed how the foreign aid could be transferred. "We appreciate their statements of willingness to provide assistance".</p><br>
<p>On Friday 29 October 2010 the European Commission announced that it was offering 1.5 million euros to help the victims of the Mount Merapi volcano and the earthquake and tsunami that struck the remote Mentawai islands off the coast of Indonesian Sumatra on Monday 25 October 2010. The funds were to be provided to assist the 65,000 people in Mentawai and at least 22,000 people in Yogyakarta in Central Java. "Humanitarian partners will use these funds to provide water and sanitation to victims; access to primary health care and disease control; food and nonfood items; emergency telecommunications, emergency shelter; psychological support; logistics and will mainstream disaster preparedness" according to a European Commission announcement.</p><br>
<p>The Australian government made announcements in Jakarta pledging almost $1 million in aid. Paul Robilliard, charge daffaires at the Australian Embassy in Jakarta, said his government was also prepared to offer more support if needed, the money being intended primarily for the relief effort in the Mentawai Islands. Parts of the Australian funding is to be in the form of donations to Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, Indonesias biggest Islamic organizations, as well as the Indonesian Red Cross (PMI). All three organizations are involved in relief efforts in the Mentawai Islands and around Merapi. On 2 November the Australian government announced additional funding of $1.1 million assistance. This was to include support for health and psycho-social programs for affected communities as well as longer term emergency preparedness activities and assistance to the Indonesian community organisations Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama to help local communities recover following the eruption and the Indonesian Red Cross for humanitarian assistance in the Mentawai Islands and the Mount Merapi area. An AusAID officer was posted to work with local assessment teams near Mount Merapi. The additional aid was for humanitarian assistance in both the Mentawai Islands and the Mount Merapi area and the Australian government stated it stood ready to assist further if Indonesia required more support. In response. The Government of Indonesia accepted the offer from the Australian Government.</p><br>
<p>Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon released a statement saying, "Canada&#39;s condolences to the people of Indonesia following the recent natural disasters that have struck the country. "Canada is deeply concerned for the people of Indonesia, as they deal with the impacts of the recent tsunami and volcanic eruption," said Minister Cannon. "On behalf of all Canadians, I offer our deepest sympathy to the families and friends of those killed, and wish a quick recovery to the injured. Canada stands ready to provide support to the people of Indonesia if requested. We have received no reports to date of Canadian deaths or injuries due to these disasters. Canadian officials in Ottawa and at the Canadian Embassy in Jakarta continue to monitor the impact of the disasters and remain in close contact with Indonesian authorities. We invite Canadian citizens in the affected area, even if they have not been affected by these events, to call home and reassure their loved ones."</p><br>
<p>Japan&#39;s Prime Minister Naoto Kan and Minister for Foreign Affairs Seiji Maehara sent messages to President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Indonesian Minister of Foreign Affairs Marty Natalegawa expressing their condolences and sympathy.</p><br>
<p>Malaysian Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Abdul Razak made a contribution worth Rp1 billion (RM347,000) to help alleviate the suffering of victims of the Merapi volcano disaster. The aid included infant milk, biscuits, blankets and sarongs and personal hygiene items. When handing over the contribution to the Sultan of Yogyakarta, Defence Minister Datuk Seri Dr Ahmad Zahid Hamidi said PM Najib sympathised with the plight of the victims of the disaster.</p><br>
<p>Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani both sent messages to the President of Indonesia expressing their condolences and sympathy.</p><br>
<p>Philippine Foreign Affairs Secretary Alberto G. Romulo, who was in Hanoi, Vietnam to attend the 17th ASEAN Summit, directed his department to get ready to provide Indonesia with assistance. The embassy in Jakarta said that "The (Philippines) Embassy...stands ready to provide assistance, if needed," and adding all Filipinos in Indonesia are safe.</p><br>
<p>Portuguese President Cavaco Silva sent his Indonesian counterpart a letter of condolences. He expressed his and Portugal&#39;s support for the country in such troubling times.</p><br>
<p>Donated US$300,000 to finance reconstruction efforts in disaster-hit regions in Indonesia. The funds, along with 1,000 blankets, 7,000 clothes, 25,255 pairs of shoes, and 10,000 pairs of footwear was to be distributed among victims of natural disasters in stages, the Taipei Economic and Trade Office (TETO) announced in a press release on Monday 15 November 2010. The donation was to be channeled through the Indonesian natural disaster mitigation board.</p><br>
<p>United Arab Emirates President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Vice President, Prime Minister of UAE and Emir of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Sheikh Hamdan Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, the Ruler&#39;s Representative in the Western Region and Chairman of the Red Crescent Authority announced the provision of a Field hospital to be provided with medical and administrative staff to assist the victims of the Merapi eruptions.</p><br>
<p>The US ambassador Scot Marciel announced his governments desire to grant US$2 million toward the humanitarian relief efforts in Indonesia. President Barack Obama said in a statement: "Michelle and I are deeply saddened by the loss of life, injuries, and damage that have occurred as a result of the recent earthquake and tsunami in West Sumatra. At the same time, I am heartened and encouraged by the remarkable resiliency of the Indonesian people and the commitment of their Government to rapidly assist the victims. As a friend of Indonesia, the United States stands ready to help in any way. Meanwhile, our thoughts and prayers are with the Indonesian people and all those affected by this tragedy."</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Dyer House is an historic house at 168 York Street in Portland, Maine. Built in 1803, it is one of the city&#39;s oldest surviving brick houses, rare for the building material and for its scale, which is for a middle-class family of the period. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dyer House is located on Portland&#39;s Falmouth Peninsula, south of the main commercial port area, overlooking the Fore River at the northeast corner of York Street and the approach road to the Casco Bay Bridge. It is a 2-1/2 story masonry structure, built out of brick laid in Flemish bond on the front facade, and in English bond elsewhere. The main facade is five bays wide and symmetrical, with a center entrance flanked by Federal style pilasters and topped by a half-round transom and entablature. A two-story brick ell extends back from the right rear. The interior has a central hall plan, with a narrow central hall that houses a winding staircase. The staircase newels are not original, but are from the same period as the house, taken from a nearby house also owned at one time by the Dyers. The woodwork is generally modest Federal period woodwork, about 90% original, with crown molding in the rightside parlor.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1803 for Nathaniel Dyer, who had earlier settled in nearby Cape Elizabeth, and was engaged in shipbuilding and shipping. At the time of its construction only 26 of Portland&#39;s 576 houses were brick, and most were more elaborate. This house remained in the family until 1959.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel How House is an historic house at 23 Danforth Street in Portland, Maine. Built in 1799, it is one of the oldest surviving residences on Portlands Neck, notably surviving the citys great 1866 fire. It is an excellent and well-preserved local example of Federal period architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Daniel How House stands on the north side of Danforth Street, near its eastern end just uphill from Portlands commercial waterfront. It is a 2-1/2 story brick structure, built from locally-sourced bricks laid in common bond. Windows have brownstone lintels, and the main entrance is a sympathetic recreation of a period entrance, the original having been lost. The buildings interior retains most of its original woodwork and flooring, with a particularly fine central staircase. The house was used for many years as a tenement, and underwent a major restoration in the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>At the time Daniel How built his house, it directly overlooked the waterfront and Casco Bay to the northeast, and Commercial Street, which parallels Danforth on the waterfront, did not exist. Located behind the house on Pleasant Street are two slightly later houses, which were built by other members of the How family. They have in the intervening years been hemmed in by later commercial development, but the cluster of three homes is a well-preserved reminder of the area&#39;s early 19th-century appearance.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Holt Ingraham House, also known as the Churchill House, is an historic house at 51 State Street in Portland, Maine. Built in 1801, it is an important early design by architect Alexander Parris. State Street, on which the house stands, was laid out by its first owner. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ingraham House is located on the east side of Portlands West End neighborhood, on the northeast side of State Street, a shortway south of Danforth Street. It is a three story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The main facade is five bays wide, with symmetrical arrangement. The main entrance is at the center sheltered by a hip-roofed portico with Doric columns. The entry is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by an elliptical fanlight. Above the entrance is a three-part rectangular window on the second level, with a three-part half-round window on the third floor. Windows are otherwise sash, with smaller windows on the third floor. The interior of the house has little historic integrity; much of its original paneling was removed in the early 20th century, and was installed in Washington, DCs Blair House.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by Alexander Parris, then early in his career, and was built in 1801 for Joseph Holt Ingraham, a silversmith and businessman. The house, one of the oldest on the Portland peninsula, is one of three surviving works of Parris in the city, where he lived 1801-09 before achieving fame for his work in Boston and elsewhere. Ingraham, who moved to Portland in 1768, is credited with building Ingraham Wharf (1793), and for laying out State Street, now one of the city&#39;s major cross-peninsula thoroughfares. Later owners of the house include William Pitt Preble a justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court, and James M. Churchill, a merchant and shipowner. In 1908 the house was converted into boarding house (called "The Churchill"); it is presently a multiunit apartment house.</p><br>
